Skip to main content
snıff

Akita

Akita
Photo: Peter Theakston; Keetanii; Melodorakitas; Sevenfatdogs / CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia

22 Akitas in the atlas. Every number on this page has a source.

Population-genetic snapshot of Akitas in the Sniff Atlas, source-graded Mendelian carrier frequencies from Donner 2023, and nutrition guidance tied to the genetic findings above.

Also known as Akita Inu, Akita Ken, American Akita, and Great Japanese Dog.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
The plain version

Akitas have a moderately diverse genetic background, which means they have a good mix of traits within the breed. They are a large dog, typically weighing around 86 lb, and usually live about 11 years. Their look is quite distinctive, sharing some similarities with breeds like the Chow Chow and Chinese Shar Pei. There is a known gene-related condition called Cystinuria Type I-A in their gene pool, so it’s a good idea to talk with your vet or consider genetic testing to keep your Akita healthy.

What the atlas says about Akita

In the atlas, the Akita clusters consistently as Akita (100% of the 22 dogs here). At the trait loci, LCORL runs lower than average (7% here vs 83%); IGF1 runs higher than the atlas average (96% here vs 55%). Dogs here sit in a relatively sparse region of the atlas, fewer close neighbors than typical.

Only 22 dogs of this breed in the atlas, modestly sampled.

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the genome says about Akita

Computed from the 18,477 research dogs in the Atlas.

Dogs in the Atlas
22Founders
12 from Hayward2016, 10 from Spatola
Genetic diversity
0.29Moderate
Mean heterozygosity across the breed. Ranks 37th most genetically tight of 107 ranked breeds.
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure
Single tight cluster
Intra-breed RMS distance: 25.51
What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
Built from
Distant kin · one shared founding ancestor
In the Working group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
11.4years (life expectancy)
95% CI 11.1–11.6 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=3,828. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

Trait genetics
Allele frequencies at named morphology loci

Frequency of the alternate allele in this breed at each locus's representative SNP.

Body size
IGF196%
HMGA216%
SMAD286%
LCORL7%
STC275%
ADAMTS1750%
Leg length
FGF4·CFA1882%
FGF4·CFA1296%
Coat
RSPO272%
FGF559%
KRT7191%
MC1R96%
Ear set
MSRB353%
Skull shape
BMP353%
SMOC289%
n = 22 dogs · moderate confidence · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
Names & origins

Other names

The Akita is also recorded as Akita Inu, Akita Ken, American Akita, Great Japanese Dog, and Japanese Akita.

Identified as Akita (VBO:0200010) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 255 · iDog 4 · VeNom 13638.

What you see when you look at a Akita

What does the genome say about how a Akita looks?

Akitas look the way they do because of a small set of fixed and near-fixed morphology genes that, taken together, define the visible breed. Each translation below pairs the gene with the trait an owner actually sees, the breed's allele frequency at that locus, and a one-clause causal phrase.

Where the breed-defining genes act, mapped on a generic dog-body key — and how fixed each marker is in the Akita. The figure is the most-settled marker we read in that region; the full per-locus panel is below. (The silhouette is a shared anatomical guide, not this breed's outline.)

Body sizeIGF1 · 96%Skull shapeSMOC2 · 89%EarsMSRB3 · 53%Leg lengthFGF4 CFA12 · 96%Coat & colorMC1R · 96%
CanVAS trait-locus panel (Brundage 2026)
15 morphology markers read across 5 regions. Allele frequency = how fixed a marker is in this breed, not whether your dog carries it.

Size and build

IGF1 is near-fixed at 96% for the small-body allele, which keeps the breed compact relative to its working-line ancestors.

IGF1what this gene does

IGF1 is a gene that plays a key role in determining a dog's body size. It influences how much a dog grows, affecting overall stature.

For your dog: Knowing about IGF1 gives you insight into your dog's size traits, but it’s just one part of the bigger picture when it comes to their health and care.

Full IGF1 gene page →

HMGA2 is at 16%, leaving most of the size signal to other loci in the panel.

HMGA2what this gene does

HMGA2 is a gene that influences body size in dogs, helping determine how big or small a dog grows.

For your dog: Knowing about HMGA2 helps you appreciate the genetic factors behind your dog's size, but it doesn't signal any health issues.

Full HMGA2 gene page →

SMAD2 is near-fixed at 86%, a chromosome-7 height locus differentiating small from giant breeds.

SMAD2what this gene does

SMAD2 is a gene involved in regulating body size by influencing how cells grow and develop.

For your dog: Knowing about SMAD2 helps understand your dog's size traits but isn't linked to health issues; no immediate action needed.

Full SMAD2 gene page →

LCORL is at 7%, the NCAPG/LCORL height locus running against the breed's body-size profile here.

LCORLwhat this gene does

LCORL is a gene that influences body size in dogs. It helps determine how big or small a dog might grow.

For your dog: Knowing about LCORL helps you appreciate the genetic factors behind your dog's size, but it’s just one piece of the bigger picture when it comes to health and care.

Full LCORL gene page →

STC2 sits at 75%.

ADAMTS17 sits at 50%. ADAMTS17 is a body-size locus also linked to lens disorders.

ADAMTS17what this gene does

ADAMTS17 is a gene that influences body size and also plays a role in certain eye conditions. It affects the structure of tissues in the eye and elsewhere in the body.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry ADAMTS17 variants, it’s worth discussing genetic testing and eye exams with your vet to stay ahead of potential issues.

Full ADAMTS17 gene page →

Leg length

The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 18 sits at 82%. This is the leg-length variant. The intermediate frequency means some dogs in this breed carry the short-legged allele and some do not.

The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 12 is near-fixed at 96%, the chondrodystrophic variant associated with intervertebral disc disease risk in breeds that carry it.

Coat type, length, and color

RSPO2 sits at 72% for the furnishings variant. Furnishings (the eyebrow-and-mustache pattern seen in Schnauzers and Wheaten Terriers) vary across the population at this intermediate frequency, and visible expression depends on the specific allele combination each dog carries.

RSPO2what this gene does

RSPO2 influences the texture and appearance of a dog's coat, particularly the presence of 'furnishings' like mustaches and eyebrows. It helps determine whether a dog has that distinctive wiry or textured look.

For your dog: If your dog has those wiry eyebrows or a mustache, RSPO2 is part of the reason—no health worries, just a coat feature worth knowing about.

Full RSPO2 gene page →

FGF5 sits at 59% for the long-coat variant. Coat length is influenced by other loci as well, so intermediate FGF5 frequencies do not always correspond to intermediate visible coat lengths.

FGF5what this gene does

FGF5 is a gene that influences the length of a dog's coat. It acts like a natural switch, telling hair follicles when to stop growing longer fur.

For your dog: If your dog has a notably long or short coat, FGF5 is likely part of the reason—no action needed, but it’s a neat genetic detail to know.

Full FGF5 gene page →

KRT71 is near-fixed at 91% for the wavy/curly variant. Coat curl phenotype varies across breeds at this fixation depending on modifier loci, and visible expression is not always curled even when the locus is fixed.

KRT71what this gene does

KRT71 is a gene that influences the curliness of a dog's coat. It helps determine whether a dog's fur is straight or has a distinctive curl.

For your dog: If your dog has a curly coat, KRT71 is likely part of the reason; it’s a natural variation, not a health concern.

Full KRT71 gene page →

MC1R is at 96% at the representative SNP. MC1R controls the switch between red-to-gold and black-to-brown pigment, with the e/e homozygous genotype producing the gold-to-red spectrum by blocking eumelanin (black and brown pigment).

MC1Rwhat this gene does

MC1R is a gene that influences coat color in dogs, affecting how pigments are produced in the fur.

For your dog: Knowing about MC1R gives insight into your dog's coat color but doesn't relate to health issues.

Full MC1R gene page →

Ears

MSRB3 sits at 53% for the drop-ear allele, which is why ear set varies across the breed.

MSRB3what this gene does

MSRB3 is a gene involved in the development of ear shape and structure in dogs.

For your dog: Understanding MSRB3 helps explain why your dog's ears look the way they do, but it isn't linked to any health issues.

Full MSRB3 gene page →

Skull shape

BMP3 sits at 53%, contributing to the breed's moderate, mesaticephalic head shape rather than the extreme brachycephalic form.

BMP3what this gene does

BMP3 is a gene that influences the shape of a dog's skull, particularly contributing to a shorter, broader head shape known as brachycephaly.

For your dog: If your dog has a broad, short skull, it's worth discussing with your vet how this might impact their health, even though BMP3 isn't directly tied to illness.

Full BMP3 gene page →

SMOC2 is at 89%, the major locus contributing to the breed's brachycephalic face shape.

SMOC2what this gene does

SMOC2 influences the shape of a dog's skull, particularly affecting how flat or short the face appears.

For your dog: If your dog has a short nose, it's worth discussing with your vet how this trait might impact their health over time.

Full SMOC2 gene page →
Mendelian-disease genetics

What genetic diseases do Akitas carry?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), Akitas carry 9 of them at observable frequency. Carrier frequency is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Cystinuria Type I-A (SLC3A1 p.I192V)
Autosomal recessive
moderate 15.2%
n = 992 dogs · 3 variants tested · OMIA:000256-9615 · omia.org →
SLC3A1what this gene does

SLC3A1 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a key role in preventing the buildup of cystine, which can form stones.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry SLC3A1 variants, it’s worth discussing cystinuria risks with your vet, especially if urinary issues arise.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low 0.10%
n = 990 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001432-9615 · omia.org →
RPGRIP1what this gene does

RPGRIP1 is a gene involved in the function of photoreceptor cells in the eye, which help dogs see in different light conditions.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry RPGRIP1 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand the risks and monitor eye health.

Polyneuropathy with Ocular Abnormalities and Neuronal Vacuolation (Discovered in the Black Russian Terrier and Rottweiler; POANV)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 987 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001970-9615 · omia.org →
RAB3GAP1what this gene does

RAB3GAP1 is a gene involved in nerve cell function, particularly in how cells communicate and maintain their structure.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing genetic testing with your vet to understand any potential risks.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY)
Autosomal dominant
low <0.1%
n = 989 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000157-9615 · omia.org →
FGF4what this gene does

FGF4 influences leg length by affecting bone growth, leading to shorter legs in certain breeds.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene, it's worth discussing spinal health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t guarantee problems.

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 1 (Discovered in Mastiff-related breeds; CMR1)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 992 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001444-9615 · omia.org →
BEST1what this gene does

BEST1 is a gene that helps maintain the health of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It plays a role in keeping the cells in the retina functioning properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry BEST1 variants, it’s worth discussing retinal health with your vet, especially if you notice any vision changes.

Cystinuria Type I-B (SLC7A9 p.A217T)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low <0.1%
n = 992 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:001880-9615 · omia.org →
SLC7A9what this gene does

SLC7A9 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a role in how the body handles cystine, an amino acid that can form crystals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier, it’s worth discussing with your vet to monitor urinary health and catch any issues early.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy risk factor (Discovered in the Doberman Pinscher; PDK4-related)
Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance)
low <0.1%
n = 992 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000162-9615 · omia.org →
PDK4what this gene does

PDK4 helps regulate how cells use energy, especially in the heart muscle.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene, it’s worth discussing heart health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog will develop disease.

Hyperuricosuria (HUU)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 992 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001033-9615 · omia.org →
SLC2A9what this gene does

SLC2A9 is a gene that helps regulate uric acid levels in a dog's body. It plays a role in how the kidneys handle this substance.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand any potential urinary health concerns.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Discovered in the Golden Retriever; GR_PRA2)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 992 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001984-9615 · omia.org →
Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 992 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.

Which Mendelian variants matter most for Akitas?

The Mendelian-disease table above lists nine variants screened in 992 Akitas (Donner 2023). One matters decisively by carrier frequency. The rest are vanishingly rare in the breed.

Cystinuria Type I-A (SLC3A1)

Cystinuria Type I-A in Akitas is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by a variant in SLC3A1. Affected dogs excrete excess cystine in the urine and are at high risk for bladder and kidney stones. The condition is manageable with diet (low-protein formulations, alkalinizing supplementation) and monitoring, but stone formation can require surgical intervention.

15.2% of Akitas in the Donner cohort carry one copy of the SLC3A1 p.I192V variant (n=992). That is one in six. This is the single most consequential Mendelian variant in the breed’s current health profile.

Testing is widely available. The PennGen Laboratory and most commercial DNA labs cover SLC3A1. Breeders testing stock can avoid carrier-by-carrier pairings that produce affected puppies.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)

Cone-Rod Dystrophy in Akitas is an autosomal-recessive retinal degeneration with incomplete penetrance. The disease causes progressive vision loss beginning in the cone cells and progressing to rod photoreceptor death. Affected dogs become blind.

The cord1-PRA/crd4 variant is rare in Akitas at 0.10% carrier frequency (n=990). At that frequency, affected dogs are extraordinarily uncommon. Testing is available, though the low frequency makes it a secondary priority for most breeders.

How should I test my Akita?

For breeding stock, the high-yield test is SLC3A1 (cystinuria Type I-A). This single variant screens for the breed’s most common genetic disease. Cone-rod dystrophy testing is available through the same labs if breeders wish to run a broader panel, but the frequencies are low enough that carrier-to-carrier pairings happen rarely by chance alone.

What should I feed an Akita?

Feeding an Akita well means feeding around the breed’s singular genetic vulnerability: the 15.2% carrier frequency for cystinuria Type I-A. Akitas are large dogs with moderate exercise demands and a known predisposition to bladder stone formation in carriers.

Protein management is the cornerstone for Akitas carrying SLC3A1. Akitas that are homozygous-affected (two copies of the SLC3A1 variant) benefit from lower-protein formulations (around 15-18% crude protein) paired with urinary alkalinizers like potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate. Carriers (one copy) and clear dogs (homozygous normal) do well on a standard large-breed adult formula with 18-25% crude protein. The NRC 2006 nutrient requirement for adult dogs is a minimum of 10.2% protein by dry weight; breeds with cystinuria risk function better at the higher end of that range, not the minimum.

Growth rate matters in Akita puppies. Akitas reach 100+ pounds at adulthood, which means the growth window is metabolically demanding. A large-breed puppy formulation with controlled calcium (0.8-1.2% by dry weight) and a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio between 1.1:1 and 2:1 protects the developing skeleton. This is especially important for carriers and affected individuals, as the stress of kidney-stone disease in an undertrained skeletal system compounds orthopedic stress.

Salt and hydration support stone prevention. Cystinuria is managed partly through increased urine volume, which reduces cystine crystallization in the bladder. Adequate sodium in the diet encourages drinking. Most commercial large-breed formulations meet this; the owner’s responsibility is ensuring constant access to fresh water and regular outdoor breaks for urination.

The breed does not show the dietary DCM signal flagged in the FDA 2018/2022 advisories for other large breeds. Akitas do carry a low-frequency Mendelian DCM risk variant (TTN, autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance), though its carrier frequency is under 0.1% in the Donner 2023 cohort (n=992). Grain-inclusive and grain-free formulations are roughly equivalent in safety profile for Akitas, so the choice can rest on the individual dog’s digestibility and coat condition rather than a breed-wide concern.

What we don’t know

The published Akita health literature is sparse. We do not have a breed-specific survey documenting the prevalence of symptomatic cystinuria stone formation or the epidemiology of other conditions. The atlas sits at 22 dogs, which is small enough that longevity outliers and sub-population structure cannot be reliably estimated. We do not know whether Akitas’ median lifespan of 11.4 years reflects general population survival or the specific cohort in the atlas.

Hip dysplasia has been reported anecdotally in the breed, but no breed-club or OFA-aggregated epidemiology is published. The honest summary is that we lack the data to estimate whether hip dysplasia is common, rare, or breed-typical by comparison to other large breeds.

Frequently asked questions about Akitas

What is the most common genetic disease in Akitas? Cystinuria Type I-A, caused by the SLC3A1 variant. 15.2% of Akitas carry one copy (Donner 2023, n=992). When two carriers are paired, each puppy has a one-in-four chance of being homozygous-affected. Carrier-by-carrier pairings are avoidable with pre-breeding DNA testing.

Should I do a DNA test on my Akita? For breeding stock, yes. Testing for SLC3A1 (cystinuria) is the high-yield screen and is widely available through commercial DNA labs.

How long do Akitas live? The atlas median is 11.4 years. Some breed-club surveys suggest slightly longer averages, though no peer-reviewed breed-specific lifespan study has been published for Akitas. Large-breed lifespan is variable, and individual dogs often exceed or fall short of these medians.

Are Akitas prone to hip dysplasia? Hip dysplasia is reported anecdotally in the breed, but no published epidemiology exists. Akita breeders are encouraged to have breeding stock hips evaluated by the OFA.

What is the best diet for an Akita? For carriers or affected cystinuria dogs, a lower-protein formula (15-18% crude protein) paired with urinary alkalinizers reduces stone risk. For clear dogs, a standard large-breed adult formula is appropriate. Ensure constant access to fresh water.

Can cystinuria in Akitas be managed without surgery? Yes, in many cases. Diet modification, increased hydration, and urinary alkalinizers manage carriers and some affected dogs. Surgical stone removal is necessary only if medical management fails or obstruction occurs.

Are Akitas good with children? Akitas are large, protective dogs bred historically for guarding. Early socialization and consistent training are essential. Supervision with small children is important given the breed’s size and strength.

What health issues should I watch for in an Akita? Monitor for signs of cystinuria (straining to urinate, blood in urine, abdominal pain) and seek veterinary evaluation if these appear. Hip and elbow screening in breeding stock is recommended. Regular ear cleaning helps prevent infections given the breed’s ear carriage.

A gift to human medicine

Akitas are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in Akitas help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the Akita

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 4 genetic conditions in the Akita, 3 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all Akitas ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Carrier frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Carrier frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are now in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references on gene pages remain pending, they arrive in December 2026 alongside the imputed 9.67M-variant CanVAS dataset via the OMIA SQL dump absorption. Until then, gene IDs carry NCBI Gene and OMIA phene URLs only; the wider human-homolog and disease-ontology cross-reference set fills in with that release.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.1 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

Add your akita to the atlas

We have 22 akitas. We do not have yours.

Every akita added sharpens the breed's genetic neighborhood. Enrollment is free. The data stays open. The star is permanent.

Add your akita now as a Charted star
Want to wait for DNA uploads?

Leave your email and we'll let you know the moment DNA uploads open for Akitas.

References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage J, et al. (2026). CanVAS: a harmonized canine variant atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA