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American Staffordshire Terrier

Lifespan
12.5 years
95% CI 11.4 to 13.1 · McMillan 2024, n=142
Most carried variant
Cone-Rod Dystrophy
18% of 42,684 tested · Donner 2023
Behind this page
11 dogs
in the atlas · an early sketch · 42,793 tested for variants
Also carried:Degenerative Myelopathy · 6.4%Hyperuricosuria · 6.3%

American Staffordshire Terriers have a cited life expectancy of 12.5 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass, n=142, 95% CI 11.4 to 13.1). The most carried tested variant is Cone-Rod Dystrophy, in 18% of 42,684 American Staffordshire Terriers tested (Donner 2023), then Degenerative Myelopathy (6.4%) and Hyperuricosuria (6.3%). Only 11 dogs stand behind the atlas figures here, so little is known yet.

American Staffordshire Terrier
Photo: Svenska Mässan from Sweden · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia

Also known as AmStaff and Staffordshire, American Terrier.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
Mendelian-disease genetics

What genetic diseases do American Staffordshire Terriers carry?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), American Staffordshire Terriers carry 71 of them at observable frequency. Carrier frequency is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
moderate 17.8%
n = 42,684 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001432-9615 · omia.org →
RPGRIP1what this gene does

RPGRIP1 is a gene involved in the function of photoreceptor cells in the eye, which help dogs see in different light conditions.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry RPGRIP1 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand the risks and monitor eye health.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY)
Autosomal dominant
moderate 1.7%
n = 42,562 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000157-9615 · omia.org →
FGF4what this gene does

FGF4 influences leg length by affecting bone growth, leading to shorter legs in certain breeds.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene, it's worth discussing spinal health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t guarantee problems.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low 6.4%
n = 42,790 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000263-9615 · omia.org →
SOD1what this gene does

SOD1 is a gene that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier of SOD1 variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, but remember carrier status doesn't mean your dog will get the disease.

Hyperuricosuria (HUU)
Autosomal recessive
low 6.3%
n = 42,793 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001033-9615 · omia.org →
SLC2A9what this gene does

SLC2A9 is a gene that helps regulate uric acid levels in a dog's body. It plays a role in how the kidneys handle this substance.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand any potential urinary health concerns.

Cystinuria Type I-A (SLC3A1 p.I192V)
Autosomal recessive
low 3.6%
n = 42,793 dogs · 3 variants tested · OMIA:000256-9615 · omia.org →
SLC3A1what this gene does

SLC3A1 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a key role in preventing the buildup of cystine, which can form stones.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry SLC3A1 variants, it’s worth discussing cystinuria risks with your vet, especially if urinary issues arise.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 4A (Discovered in the American Staffordshire Terrier; NCL4A)
Autosomal recessive
Pathogenic low 3.4%
n = 42,746 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001503-9615 · omia.org →
ARSGwhat this gene does

ARSG is a gene that helps break down certain molecules in the body, keeping cells healthy.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry ARSG mutations, it's worth discussing genetic testing with your vet to understand potential health risks.

Cystinuria Type I-B (SLC7A9 p.A217T)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
marker disputed 2.9%
n = 42,793 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:001880-9615 · omia.org →
SLC7A9what this gene does

SLC7A9 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a role in how the body handles cystine, an amino acid that can form crystals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier, it’s worth discussing with your vet to monitor urinary health and catch any issues early.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy 1 (Discovered in the American Staffordshire Terrier; crd1)
Autosomal recessive
low 1.0%
n = 42,791 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001674-9615 · omia.org →
PDE6Bwhat this gene does

PDE6B is a gene that helps control how the eye processes light signals, crucial for normal vision.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry PDE6B mutations, it's worth discussing vision health with your vet, especially if you notice any changes in sight.

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 1 (Discovered in Mastiff-related breeds; CMR1)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.58%
n = 42,793 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001444-9615 · omia.org →
BEST1what this gene does

BEST1 is a gene that helps maintain the health of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It plays a role in keeping the cells in the retina functioning properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry BEST1 variants, it’s worth discussing retinal health with your vet, especially if you notice any vision changes.

Protein Losing Nephropathy (PLN; NPHS1-related)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low 0.32%
n = 42,793 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001326-9615 · omia.org →
NPHS1what this gene does

NPHS1 is a gene important for kidney function, helping to keep proteins in the blood where they belong.

For your dog: If your dog’s breed is on the list, it’s worth asking your vet about NPHS1 to understand any risks and keep an eye on kidney health.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2 (Discovered in the Pit Bull Terrier; crd2)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.32%
n = 42,792 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001675-9615 · omia.org →
Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (prcd-PRA)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.26%
n = 42,707 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001298-9615 · omia.org →
PRCDwhat this gene does

PRCD is a gene involved in the health of a dog's retina, the part of the eye that detects light and helps with vision.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry PRCD changes, it's worth discussing eye health and potential genetic testing with your vet.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy risk factor (Discovered in the Doberman Pinscher; PDK4-related)
Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance)
marker disputed 0.23%
n = 42,793 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000162-9615 · omia.org →
PDK4what this gene does

PDK4 helps regulate how cells use energy, especially in the heart muscle.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene, it’s worth discussing heart health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog will develop disease.

Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.21%
n = 42,793 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000218-9615 · omia.org →
NHEJ1what this gene does

NHEJ1 is a gene involved in repairing breaks in DNA, helping maintain the integrity of genetic information in cells.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing testing with your vet to understand any potential eye health risks.

Ichthyosis (Discovered in the American Bulldog; NIPAL4-related)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.20%
n = 42,793 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001980-9615 · omia.org →
Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (Discovered in the Heideterrier; CHRNE-related; CMS)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.17%
n = 42,786 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000685-9615 · omia.org →
CHRNEwhat this gene does

CHRNE is a gene involved in the communication between nerves and muscles, helping muscles respond properly to signals.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry CHRNE variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, especially if you notice muscle weakness or unusual fatigue.

Von Willebrand's Disease, Type 1 (vWD 1)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.16%
n = 42,793 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001057-9615 · omia.org →
Craniomandibular Osteopathy (Discovered in the Cairn, Scottish and West Highland White Terrier)
Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance)
low 0.16%
n = 42,793 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002244-9615 · omia.org →
SLC37A2what this gene does

SLC37A2 is a gene involved in how cells manage certain sugar molecules, which can affect bone development.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing with your vet, especially if you notice jaw discomfort or eating issues.

MDR1 (Multidrug Resistance 1) Medication Sensitivity
Autosomal dominant
low 0.11%
n = 42,789 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001402-9615 · omia.org →
ABCB1what this gene does

ABCB1 is a gene that helps control how certain drugs are processed and cleared from a dog's body.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed that carries this gene variant, ask your vet about medication sensitivities before giving any new drugs.

Shar-Pei Autoinflammatory Disease (SPAID)
Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance)
low <0.1%
n = 42,793 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001561-9615 · omia.org →
MTBPwhat this gene does

MTBP is a gene involved in regulating inflammation in the body. It helps control how the immune system responds to triggers.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry MTBP variants, it's worth discussing with your vet whether genetic testing or monitoring for inflammation-related issues makes sense.

Show the other 51, ordered after these by severity, then carrier frequency.
Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC) <0.1% n = 42,787
Factor VII Deficiency <0.1% n = 42,792
Stargardt Disease (Discovered in the Labrador Retriever) <0.1% n = 42,793
Ichthyosis (Discovered in the Golden Retriever) <0.1% n = 42,793
Focal Non-Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma (Discovered in the Dogue de Bordeaux) <0.1% n = 42,792
Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) <0.1% n = 42,793
Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis (Discovered in the Irish Terrier and Kromfohrländer) <0.1% n = 42,793
Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Discovered in the Parson Russell Terrier; AI) <0.1% n = 42,793
Canine Scott Syndrome (CSS) <0.1% n = 42,793
Nonsyndromic hearing loss (Discovered in the Rottweiler) <0.1% n = 42,793
Hypocatalasia <0.1% n = 42,792
Early-Onset Progressive Polyneuropathy (Discovered in the Greyhound) <0.1% n = 42,793
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (Discovered in the Rottweiler; VPS11-related) <0.1% n = 42,793
Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS) <0.1% n = 42,793
Lethal Acrodermatitis (Discovered in the Bull Terrier; LAD) <0.1% n = 42,793
Mucopolysaccharidosis, Type VII (Discovered in the German Shepherd Dog; MPS VII) <0.1% n = 42,793
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Discovered in the Golden Retriever; GR_PRA2) <0.1% n = 42,793
Musladin-Lueke syndrome (MLS) <0.1% n = 42,779
Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism (Discovered in Poodles) <0.1% n = 42,793
Polyneuropathy with Ocular Abnormalities and Neuronal Vacuolation (Discovered in the Black Russian Terrier and Rottweiler; POANV) <0.1% n = 42,312
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 12 (Discovered in the Australian Cattle Dog) <0.1% n = 42,792
Chondrodysplasia, Disproportionate Short-limbed (Discovered in the Norwegian Elkhound; ITGA10-related) <0.1% n = 42,793
Deafness and Vestibular Dysfunction (Discovered in the Doberman Pinscher) <0.1% n = 42,779
Cystinuria Type II-A (Discovered in the Australian Cattle Dog) <0.1% n = 42,792
Skeletal Dysplasia 2 (SD2) <0.1% n = 42,793
Centronuclear Myopathy (Discovered in the Labrador Retriever; HACD1-related; CNM) <0.1% n = 42,784
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (Discovered in the Schnauzer; DCM) <0.1% n = 42,793
Glycogen storage disease VII (GSD VII) or Phosphofructokinase (PFK) Deficiency <0.1% n = 42,793
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Discovered in the Golden Retriever; GR_PRA1) <0.1% n = 42,789
Acral Mutilation Syndrome (AMS) <0.1% n = 42,793
Cone Degeneration (Discovered in the Alaskan Malamute) <0.1% n = 42,793
Deafness and Vestibular Dysfunction (Discovered in the Doberman Pinscher; PTPRQ-related) <0.1% n = 42,793
Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (Discovered in Terriers) <0.1% n = 42,793
Intestinal Cobalamin Malabsorption (Discovered in the Border Collie; CUBN-related) <0.1% n = 42,793
Macrothrombocytopenia (Discovered in the Norfolk and Cairn Terrier) <0.1% n = 42,793
Osteochondrodysplasia (Discovered in the Miniature Poodle) <0.1% n = 42,793
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Discovered in the Giant Schnauzer; NECAP1-related) <0.1% n = 42,793
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Discovered in the Shetland Sheepdog; CNGA1-PRA) <0.1% n = 40,681
Dental Hypomineralisation (Discovered in the Border Collie) <0.1% n = 42,749
Muscular Dystrophy, Ullrich Type (Discovered in the Landseer) <0.1% n = 42,755
Fanconi Syndrome <0.1% n = 42,777
Rod-Cone Dysplasia 1a (Discovered in the Sloughi; rcd1a) <0.1% n = 42,783
Congenital Hypothyroidism (Discovered in the Toy Fox and Rat Terrier) <0.1% n = 42,785
Polycystic Kidney Disease (Discovered in the Bull Terrier) <0.1% n = 42,786
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Discovered in the Dalmatian; ARDS) <0.1% n = 42,787
Bleeding disorder (Discovered in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog; P2RY12-related) <0.1% n = 42,791
Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis (Discovered in the Labrador Retriever; HNPK) <0.1% n = 42,793
Complement 3 (C3) Deficiency <0.1% n = 42,793
Lung Developmental Disease (Discovered in the Airedale Terrier) <0.1% n = 42,793
Narcolepsy (Discovered in the Labrador Retriever) <0.1% n = 42,793
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Discovered in the Lapponian Herder; IFT122-PRA) <0.1% n = 42,793
Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 42,793 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.
In plain terms

What these results mean for a American Staffordshire Terrier

Chondrodystrophy and disc disease risk (CDDY)

1.7% of American Staffordshire Terriers in the Donner 2023 cohort carried it (n=42,562).

  • Two extra copies of a growth gene, FGF4, shape dog legs and spines. The one on chromosome 12 is the one tied to disc disease; the one on chromosome 18 shortens legs.
    OMIA 000157-9615

    “Two FGF4 retrogenes (FGF4L1 on chromosome 18 and FGF4L2 on chromosome 12) have been identified to cause dwarfism across many dog breeds.” OMIA 000157-9615

    “Brown et al. (2017) reported that an FGF4 retrogene insertion in chromosome CFA12” OMIA 000157-9615

  • Carrying it raises risk. It does not say which dog will have a disc problem. In Dachshunds researchers found the test is not a valid risk indicator on its own.
    OMIA 000157-9615

    “the FGF4 retrogene insertion on CFA12 is not a valid risk indicator on its own” OMIA 000157-9615

What to do
Ask your veterinarian what a carrier result changes for your dog. What lowers risk in a carrier is not established in the sources this page draws on.

No test, or a mix
Without a test nobody can say whether a dog carries it. Leg length alone does not tell you: the disc-disease copy and the short-leg copy are different insertions.

Degenerative myelopathy (DM)

6.4% of American Staffordshire Terriers in the Donner 2023 cohort carried it (n=42,790).

  • DM is a loss of function in the spinal cord that begins in adulthood and progresses to paralysis of the back legs. There is no treatment that stops it.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “This is an adult onset degeneration of the spinal cord that progresses to paraplegia and tetraparesis. There is no successful treatment. A genetic test is available.” OMIA 000263-9615

  • Two copies of the SOD1 variant mean at risk, not affected. Some dogs with two copies never show signs.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “some homozygous mutant dogs had no signs of degenerative myelopathy, which suggests incomplete penetrance or other causative loci” OMIA 000263-9615

  • One copy makes a dog a carrier. In the study that found the variant, every affected dog tested had two copies.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “All affected dogs tested were homozygous mutant.” OMIA 000263-9615

What to do
A DNA result is not a diagnosis. Take the result, and any change in how the dog walks, to a veterinarian.

No test, or a mix
Without a test nobody can say how many copies a dog has. A breed's carrier frequency describes the breed, not this dog.

Cystinuria type I-A (SLC3A1)

3.6% of American Staffordshire Terriers in the Donner 2023 cohort carried it (n=42,793).

  • The kidneys fail to reclaim an amino acid called cystine, which can form crystals and stones in the urine and block the urinary tract.
    OMIA 000256-9615

    “Cystinuria, type 1 - A is an inherited defect that causes failure of reabsorption of cystine in the proximal renal tubule, leading to cystine precipitation in the urine. Formation of crystals and calculi lead to urolithiasis and urinary tract obstruction.” OMIA 000256-9615

What to do
Straining to urinate, or passing little or no urine, needs a veterinarian the same day.

No test, or a mix
Without a test nobody can say how many copies a dog has.

SLC7A9 p.A217T (sold as a cystinuria test)

Marker disputed

2.9% of American Staffordshire Terriers in the Donner 2023 cohort carried it (n=42,793).

  • The curated record finds no support for this variant causing cystinuria, and the researchers who studied it advise against using it as a test.
    OMIA 001880-9615

    “there appears to be no support for the variant to be causal” OMIA 001880-9615

    “strongly recommend not to use "the variant in SLC7A9 as a test to predict the risk of developing cystinuria in male English bulldogs.” OMIA 001880-9615

What to do
A carrier result for this variant does not predict bladder stones. Straining to urinate or blood in the urine is a reason to see a veterinarian whatever a DNA test says.

No test, or a mix
The curated record gives no reason to test for this variant.

Names & origins

Other names

The American Staffordshire Terrier is also recorded as AmStaff and Staffordshire, American Terrier.

Identified as American Staffordshire Terrier (VBO:0200055) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 286 · iDog 11 · VeNom 15079.

For researchers Population genetics, disease models and every recorded condition Open the research detail for the American Staffordshire Terrier
What the atlas says about American Staffordshire Terrier

In the atlas, the American Staffordshire Terrier clusters consistently as American Staffordshire Terrier (100% of the 11 dogs here).

Only 11 dogs of this breed in the atlas, modestly sampled.

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the atlas genotypes say about American Staffordshire Terrier

Computed from the 14,478 CanVAS dogs in the Atlas, on an imputed genotype backbone: 77,215 directly typed sites per dog, imputed to 9.67 million variants.

The confidence below counts dogs, not reads: it is the size of the sample, and it is separate from how the genotypes were measured.

These figures are computed from only 11 American Staffordshire Terriers in the atlas. Treat them as provisional. They sharpen as more dogs are added.
Dogs in the Atlas
11Founders
6 from Spatola, 5 from Hayward2016
Genetic diversity

Not enough dogs in the atlas yet (n=11) for a reliable diversity figure. It fills in as more are added.

Mean heterozygosity across the breed. Too few dogs in this breed (<20) to rank.
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure

Not enough dogs in the atlas yet (n=11) to resolve cluster structure. It fills in as more are added.

What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
In the Terrier group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
12.5years (life expectancy)
95% CI 11.4–13.1 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=142. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

n = 11 dogs · low sample · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
A gift to human medicine

American Staffordshire Terriers are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in American Staffordshire Terriers help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity. The named gene is the canine locus, not a claim that a pet has the human disease.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the American Staffordshire Terrier

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 10 genetic conditions in the American Staffordshire Terrier, 10 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all American Staffordshire Terriers ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Carrier frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Carrier frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references live on the gene and disease pages this page links to, rather than being repeated here. What is still absent from this breed page is anything not in the cited panel, and each such gap carries its cause where it appears.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.1 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

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References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage DM (2026). CanVAS: A Harmonized and Imputed Canine Variant Atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA