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Bernese Mountain Dog

Bernese Mountain Dog
Photo: FriendlyToaster / CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia

532 Bernese Mountain Dogs in the atlas. Every number on this page has a source.

Population-genetic snapshot of Bernese Mountain Dogs in the Sniff Atlas, source-graded Mendelian carrier frequencies from Donner 2023, and nutrition guidance tied to the genetic findings above.

Also known as Berner, Berner Sennenhund, and Bernese Cattle Dog.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
The plain version

Bernese Mountain Dogs have a somewhat limited mix of genes, meaning they’re a bit more closely related within the breed. They’re a large, sturdy dog, usually weighing around 94 lb, and typically live about 9 years. One health note is that their gene pool includes a condition called Degenerative Myelopathy (DM). If you have a Bernese Mountain Dog, it’s a good idea to talk with your vet or consider genetic testing to understand any health risks better.

What the atlas says about Bernese Mountain Dog

In the atlas, the Bernese Mountain Dog clusters consistently as Bernese Mountain Dog (100% of the 532 dogs here). At the trait loci, LCORL runs lower than average (38% here vs 83%); FGF4_retrogene_CFA18 runs lower than average (37% here vs 77%).

Ranks 19 of 107 on the bottleneck severity scale, well into the upper quartile of population contraction.

Median lifespan is 9.05 years, about 2.3 years shorter than a typical dog of 42.5 kg, one of the larger gaps in the atlas.

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the genome says about Bernese Mountain Dog

Computed from the 18,477 research dogs in the Atlas.

Dogs in the Atlas
532Founders
485 from Hedan, 23 from Hayward2016, 11 from Shannon
Genetic diversity
0.26Tight
Mean heterozygosity across the breed. Ranks 19th most genetically tight of 107 ranked breeds.
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure
Splits into two genetic sub-populations
Intra-breed RMS distance: 27.55 · likely working/show-line, regional, or kennel lineage split.
What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
Built from
Distant kin · one shared founding ancestor
In the Working group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
10.1years (life expectancy)
95% CI 9.8–10.4 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=1,116. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

Trait genetics
Allele frequencies at named morphology loci

Frequency of the alternate allele in this breed at each locus's representative SNP.

Body size
IGF141%
HMGA296%
SMAD299%
LCORL38%
STC295%
ADAMTS1793%
Leg length
FGF4·CFA1837%
FGF4·CFA1256%
Coat
RSPO277%
FGF574%
KRT71100%
MC1R100%
Ear set
MSRB393%
Skull shape
BMP399%
SMOC290%
n = 532 dogs · high confidence · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
Names & origins

Other names

The Bernese Mountain Dog is also recorded as Berner, Berner Sennenhund, and Bernese Cattle Dog.

Identified as Bernese Mountain Dog (VBO:0200161) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 45 · iDog 34 · VeNom 14443.

Temperament

What Bernese Mountain Dogs tend toward

Tendencies from owner surveys of purebred Bernese Mountain Dogs — a leaning across the breed, not a prediction for any one dog. A bar’s strength shows how much of that behavior breed actually explains: for most it’s faint, because the rest is your dog, their training, and the life you give them.

Proximity Seekingbreed ~13%
affectionatealoof
Agonistic Thresholdbreed ~9%
assertivediffident
Dog Sociabilitybreed ~8%
less sociablehighly sociable
Environmental Engagementbreed ~9%
high engagementlow engagement
Biddabilitybreed ~18%
biddableindependent
Toy-directed Motor Patternsbreed ~18%
toy-directednot toy-directed
n = 29 dogs · Morrill et al. 2022, Science, Darwin's Ark (CC0)
Owner-reported purebreds; each factor n ≥ 25. "Breed ~%" is the share of this behavior explained by breed.
What you see when you look at a Bernese Mountain Dog

What does the genome say about how a Bernese Mountain Dog looks?

Bernese Mountain Dogs look the way they do because of a small set of fixed and near-fixed morphology genes that, taken together, define the visible breed. Each translation below pairs the gene with the trait an owner actually sees, the breed's allele frequency at that locus, and a one-clause causal phrase.

Where the breed-defining genes act, mapped on a generic dog-body key — and how fixed each marker is in the Bernese Mountain Dog. The figure is the most-settled marker we read in that region; the full per-locus panel is below. (The silhouette is a shared anatomical guide, not this breed's outline.)

Body sizeSMAD2 · 99%Skull shapeBMP3 · 99%EarsMSRB3 · 93%Leg lengthFGF4 CFA12 · 56%Coat & colorKRT71 · 100%
CanVAS trait-locus panel (Brundage 2026)
15 morphology markers read across 5 regions. Allele frequency = how fixed a marker is in this breed, not whether your dog carries it.

Size and build

IGF1 sits at 41% for the small-body allele. IGF1 is the gene that sets dog body size from Chihuahua to Great Dane. Intermediate frequencies typically keep a breed in the mid-sized range rather than tipping toward the larger working forms.

IGF1what this gene does

IGF1 is a gene that plays a key role in determining a dog's body size. It influences how much a dog grows, affecting overall stature.

For your dog: Knowing about IGF1 gives you insight into your dog's size traits, but it’s just one part of the bigger picture when it comes to their health and care.

Full IGF1 gene page →

HMGA2 is near-fixed at 96%, reinforcing the breed's size signal through a second locus on chromosome 10.

HMGA2what this gene does

HMGA2 is a gene that influences body size in dogs, helping determine how big or small a dog grows.

For your dog: Knowing about HMGA2 helps you appreciate the genetic factors behind your dog's size, but it doesn't signal any health issues.

Full HMGA2 gene page →

SMAD2 is near-fixed at 99%, a chromosome-7 height locus differentiating small from giant breeds.

SMAD2what this gene does

SMAD2 is a gene involved in regulating body size by influencing how cells grow and develop.

For your dog: Knowing about SMAD2 helps understand your dog's size traits but isn't linked to health issues; no immediate action needed.

Full SMAD2 gene page →

LCORL sits at 38% at the NCAPG/LCORL height locus on chromosome 3.

LCORLwhat this gene does

LCORL is a gene that influences body size in dogs. It helps determine how big or small a dog might grow.

For your dog: Knowing about LCORL helps you appreciate the genetic factors behind your dog's size, but it’s just one piece of the bigger picture when it comes to health and care.

Full LCORL gene page →

STC2 is near-fixed at 95%, modulating growth-axis signaling toward the breed's body-size set point.

ADAMTS17 is at 93%, near-fixed for the size variant.

ADAMTS17what this gene does

ADAMTS17 is a gene that influences body size and also plays a role in certain eye conditions. It affects the structure of tissues in the eye and elsewhere in the body.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry ADAMTS17 variants, it’s worth discussing genetic testing and eye exams with your vet to stay ahead of potential issues.

Full ADAMTS17 gene page →

Leg length

The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 18 sits at 37%. This is the leg-length variant. The intermediate frequency means some dogs in this breed carry the short-legged allele and some do not.

The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 12 sits at 56%, the chondrodystrophic variant.

Coat type, length, and color

RSPO2 sits at 77% for the furnishings variant. Furnishings (the eyebrow-and-mustache pattern seen in Schnauzers and Wheaten Terriers) vary across the population at this intermediate frequency, and visible expression depends on the specific allele combination each dog carries.

RSPO2what this gene does

RSPO2 influences the texture and appearance of a dog's coat, particularly the presence of 'furnishings' like mustaches and eyebrows. It helps determine whether a dog has that distinctive wiry or textured look.

For your dog: If your dog has those wiry eyebrows or a mustache, RSPO2 is part of the reason—no health worries, just a coat feature worth knowing about.

Full RSPO2 gene page →

FGF5 sits at 74% for the long-coat variant. Coat length is influenced by other loci as well, so intermediate FGF5 frequencies do not always correspond to intermediate visible coat lengths.

FGF5what this gene does

FGF5 is a gene that influences the length of a dog's coat. It acts like a natural switch, telling hair follicles when to stop growing longer fur.

For your dog: If your dog has a notably long or short coat, FGF5 is likely part of the reason—no action needed, but it’s a neat genetic detail to know.

Full FGF5 gene page →

KRT71 is near-fixed at 100% for the wavy/curly variant. Coat curl phenotype varies across breeds at this fixation depending on modifier loci, and visible expression is not always curled even when the locus is fixed.

KRT71what this gene does

KRT71 is a gene that influences the curliness of a dog's coat. It helps determine whether a dog's fur is straight or has a distinctive curl.

For your dog: If your dog has a curly coat, KRT71 is likely part of the reason; it’s a natural variation, not a health concern.

Full KRT71 gene page →

MC1R is at 100% at the representative SNP. MC1R controls the switch between red-to-gold and black-to-brown pigment, with the e/e homozygous genotype producing the gold-to-red spectrum by blocking eumelanin (black and brown pigment).

MC1Rwhat this gene does

MC1R is a gene that influences coat color in dogs, affecting how pigments are produced in the fur.

For your dog: Knowing about MC1R gives insight into your dog's coat color but doesn't relate to health issues.

Full MC1R gene page →

Ears

MSRB3 is at 93% for the drop-ear allele, the genetic basis of the breed's signature dropped ear set.

MSRB3what this gene does

MSRB3 is a gene involved in the development of ear shape and structure in dogs.

For your dog: Understanding MSRB3 helps explain why your dog's ears look the way they do, but it isn't linked to any health issues.

Full MSRB3 gene page →

Skull shape

BMP3 is at 99%, contributing to the breed's brachycephalic skull shape.

BMP3what this gene does

BMP3 is a gene that influences the shape of a dog's skull, particularly contributing to a shorter, broader head shape known as brachycephaly.

For your dog: If your dog has a broad, short skull, it's worth discussing with your vet how this might impact their health, even though BMP3 isn't directly tied to illness.

Full BMP3 gene page →

SMOC2 is at 90%, the major locus contributing to the breed's brachycephalic face shape.

SMOC2what this gene does

SMOC2 influences the shape of a dog's skull, particularly affecting how flat or short the face appears.

For your dog: If your dog has a short nose, it's worth discussing with your vet how this trait might impact their health over time.

Full SMOC2 gene page →
Mendelian-disease genetics

What genetic diseases do Bernese Mountain Dogs carry?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), Bernese Mountain Dogs carry 5 of them at observable frequency. Carrier frequency is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
high 26.2%
n = 955 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000263-9615 · omia.org →
SOD1what this gene does

SOD1 is a gene that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier of SOD1 variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, but remember carrier status doesn't mean your dog will get the disease.

Cystinuria Type I-B (SLC7A9 p.A217T)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low 4.0%
n = 955 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:001880-9615 · omia.org →
SLC7A9what this gene does

SLC7A9 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a role in how the body handles cystine, an amino acid that can form crystals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier, it’s worth discussing with your vet to monitor urinary health and catch any issues early.

Von Willebrand's Disease, Type 1 (vWD 1)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.58%
n = 955 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001057-9615 · omia.org →
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Discovered in the Dalmatian; ARDS)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 954 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002539-9615 · omia.org →
Ichthyosis (Discovered in the Golden Retriever)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 955 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001588-9615 · omia.org →
PNPLA1what this gene does

PNPLA1 is a gene involved in maintaining the skin's barrier by helping produce essential fats that keep the skin healthy and hydrated.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry PNPLA1 variants and shows persistent dry, flaky skin, it's worth discussing with your vet to understand if genetics might be playing a role.

Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 955 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.

Which Mendelian variants matter most for Bernese Mountain Dogs?

The Mendelian-disease table above lists variants screened in 955 Bernese Mountain Dogs (Donner 2023). One matters most by both carrier frequency and impact.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)

Degenerative myelopathy in Bernese Mountain Dogs is a progressive spinal-cord degeneration caused by variants in SOD1. Affected dogs lose hind-limb function over months to years, typically starting with subtle loss of coordination in the rear legs and advancing to paralysis. The condition is not painful but is ultimately disabling.

26.2% of Bernese Mountain Dogs in the Donner cohort carry at least one copy of the variant (n=955). Let that settle for a moment. One in four. The inheritance is autosomal recessive with incomplete penetrance, meaning that not every dog with two copies becomes symptomatic. The Donner 2023 dataset does not report a breed-specific penetrance estimate for Bernese Mountain Dogs; incomplete penetrance means not every homozygous dog becomes symptomatic.

Testing is available. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals maintains a registry and the PennGen Laboratory offers SOD1 screening. Breeding-stock testing is essential to avoid homozygous pairings.

Cystinuria Type I-B (SLC7A9 p.A217T)

Cystinuria Type I-B in Bernese Mountain Dogs is a recessive disorder of amino-acid reabsorption that causes excess urinary cystine excretion and predisposes to cystine bladder stones. The condition is manageable but requires dietary intervention (low-protein, pH-alkalinizing diet) and periodic monitoring. 4.0% of Bernese Mountain Dogs in the Donner cohort carry the variant (n=955).

Not every carrier develops stones. Testing is available and recommended for breeding stock.

Von Willebrand’s Disease, Type 1 (vWD 1)

Von Willebrand’s Disease, Type 1 in Bernese Mountain Dogs is a bleeding disorder caused by deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor, a protein essential for platelet adhesion. Affected dogs may have prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery and are prone to spontaneous bleeding in severe cases. The inheritance is autosomal recessive. 0.58% of Bernese Mountain Dogs in the Donner cohort carry the variant (n=955).

The penetrance is low. Donner’s estimate is 6/33 at-risk dogs phenotype-confirmed, a maximum of 18%. Many carriers never develop clinical signs. Testing is available; affected dogs should avoid NSAIDs and require screening before elective surgery.

How should I test my Bernese Mountain Dog?

For breeding stock, screen for DM (SOD1) and cystinuria (SLC7A9). Screening for vWD 1 is lower-yield given the carrier frequency below 1%, but is reasonable for a dog with a bleeding history or prior surgical complications.

What should I feed a Bernese Mountain Dog?

Bernese Mountain Dogs’ nutritional priorities are shaped by their giant-breed metabolism, the 26.2% DM carrier frequency that increases with age, and their notably short lifespan. Growth rate in giant-breed puppies is so rapid that the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in the formulation is the single most important food decision an owner makes.

Giant-breed puppy diets must have controlled calcium. The National Research Council recommends a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio between 1.1:1 and 2:1 for growing giant-breed dogs (NRC 2006). Calcium excess during the growth phase increases the risk of joint disease, including hip dysplasia, which OFA prevalence data place at roughly 20% to 27% in screened Bernese Mountain Dogs (ofa.org/diseases/hip-dysplasia/). A large-breed puppy formula from a manufacturer with AAFCO certification and published feeding trials is the baseline. Feeding to lean body condition (ribs palpable but not visible) slows growth and reduces joint stress.

DM onset risk for carriers rises with age, making weight management and joint support valuable in the second half of life. The atlas-derived median lifespan for Bernese Mountain Dogs is 9.1 years. With 26.2% of the breed carrying at least one DM variant, a substantial fraction will enter the age window where DM onset is most common (typically age 8 and beyond). Maintaining lean body weight and avoiding excess supplemental calcium and phosphorus in senior years are the only evidence-based non-genetic interventions. Some owners of at-risk dogs add joint supplements containing glucosamine or green-lipped mussel extract, though the evidence for their effect on DM progression is limited.

Adult and senior diets should be grain-inclusive unless the dog has a specific dietary intolerance. The FDA has not flagged Bernese Mountain Dogs in diet-associated cardiac disease clusters the way they did Goldens, so grain-free diets are not contraindicated. The breed’s primary risk is not cardiac but joint and neurological; grain status is not the driver of either.

What we don’t know

The trigger for DM penetrance in Bernese Mountain Dogs remains unknown. We know 26.2% of the breed carries at least one SOD1 variant and that fewer than 58% of homozygotes become symptomatic, but we do not yet know which genetic or environmental factors determine whether a carrier dog becomes affected. Age is the strongest correlate, but some dogs develop symptoms as early as age 8, and others never develop them.

The breed’s shortened lifespan is not fully explained by DM or any other single genetic condition. The atlas median is 9.1 years, notably shorter than the lifespan typical for giant breeds of comparable size. Histiocytic sarcoma is the most commonly reported cause of death in the breed (Onkamo et al. 2013, BMC Vet Res 9:49), but the published environmental analyses have come back mostly null. We do not yet have proven strategies to extend Bernese Mountain Dog lifespan.

Frequently asked questions about Bernese Mountain Dogs

What is the most common genetic disease in Bernese Mountain Dogs? Degenerative myelopathy. 26.2% of Bernese Mountain Dogs carry the SOD1 variant (Donner 2023, n=955), though not all carriers develop clinical signs. Clinical signs, when they appear, most often emerge after age 8.

How long do Bernese Mountain Dogs live? The atlas-derived median lifespan is 9.1 years. The breed is among the shorter-lived giant breeds; the breed-club estimate is 7 to 10 years.

Should I do a DNA test on my Bernese Mountain Dog? For breeding stock, testing for DM (SOD1) is essential given the 26.2% carrier frequency. Cystinuria screening (SLC7A9) is also recommended. For pet dogs, DM testing can inform expectations about age-related neurological decline.

Are Bernese Mountain Dogs good with kids? Yes. Bernese Mountain Dogs are large, sturdy, and typically patient with children. They were bred as working farm dogs and are tolerant of commotion. Adult supervision with small children is always appropriate given their size.

What is the best diet for a Bernese Mountain Dog puppy? A large-breed puppy formula with a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio between 1.1:1 and 2:1 (NRC 2006) and controlled growth rate. Feed to lean body condition (ribs palpable but not visible) to minimize joint stress during rapid growth.

Are Bernese Mountain Dogs prone to hip dysplasia? Yes. Hip dysplasia prevalence in Bernese Mountain Dogs ranges from roughly 20% to 27% in screened populations (ofa.org/diseases/hip-dysplasia/). The trait is polygenic; lean growth, appropriate calcium intake, and maintaining ideal body weight in adulthood are the non-genetic management strategies.

Do Bernese Mountain Dogs need a lot of exercise? Bernese Mountain Dogs were bred to pull carts and herd cattle and enjoy moderate daily activity. They are not high-energy dogs like Border Collies but do poorly with minimal exercise. In hot climates, exercise should be brief and in cool hours; the breed has limited heat tolerance.

What causes death in Bernese Mountain Dogs? Histiocytic sarcoma is the most commonly reported neoplasia in the breed (Onkamo et al. 2013, BMC Vet Res 9:49). The breed’s notably short lifespan, median 9.1 years, is not fully explained by a single genetic condition. Cancer, joint disease, and DM in older dogs are the main causes.

A gift to human medicine

Bernese Mountain Dogs are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in Bernese Mountain Dogs help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the Bernese Mountain Dog

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 9 genetic conditions in the Bernese Mountain Dog, 5 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all Bernese Mountain Dogs ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Carrier frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Carrier frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are now in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references on gene pages remain pending, they arrive in December 2026 alongside the imputed 9.67M-variant CanVAS dataset via the OMIA SQL dump absorption. Until then, gene IDs carry NCBI Gene and OMIA phene URLs only; the wider human-homolog and disease-ontology cross-reference set fills in with that release.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.1 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

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References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage J, et al. (2026). CanVAS: a harmonized canine variant atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA