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Bichon Frise

Bichon Frise
Photo: Heike Andres / CC BY-SA 3.0 de · Wikimedia

32 Bichon Frises in the atlas. Every number on this page has a source.

Population-genetic snapshot of Bichon Frises in the Sniff Atlas, source-graded Mendelian carrier frequencies from Donner 2023, and nutrition guidance tied to the genetic findings above.

Also known as Bichon A Poil Frise, Bichon Frisé, and Bichón Tenerife.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
The plain version

Bichon Frises have a moderately varied genetic background. They are small dogs, usually weighing around 11 pounds, and often live about 12 and a half years. One health note is that some dogs in this breed may carry genes related to certain spine conditions. If you have a Bichon Frise, it’s a good idea to talk with your vet or consider genetic testing to learn more about your dog's individual health.

What the atlas says about Bichon Frise

In the atlas, the Bichon Frise clusters consistently as Bichon Frise (100% of the 32 dogs here). Genetic diversity is high (mean heterozygosity 0.3299), reflecting either a mixed-breed cluster or breeds with broad genetic backgrounds. At the trait loci, SMAD2 runs lower than average (3% here vs 74%); FGF4_retrogene_CFA18 runs lower than average (20% here vs 77%).

Mean heterozygosity is 0.330, notably high, indicates broad genetic background. Low breed predictability score (0.21), individual dogs of this breed vary widely in genetics, suggesting active substructure or sub-population diversity.

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the genome says about Bichon Frise

Computed from the 18,477 research dogs in the Atlas.

Dogs in the Atlas
32Founders
21 from Hayward2016, 10 from Spatola, 1 from Shannon
Genetic diversity
0.33Moderate
Mean heterozygosity across the breed. Ranks 76th most genetically tight of 107 ranked breeds.
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure
Splits into two genetic sub-populations
Intra-breed RMS distance: 39.55 · likely working/show-line, regional, or kennel lineage split.
What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
In the Toy group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
12.5years (life expectancy)
95% CI 12.3–12.7 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=5,902. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

Trait genetics
Allele frequencies at named morphology loci

Frequency of the alternate allele in this breed at each locus's representative SNP.

Body size
IGF161%
HMGA214%
SMAD23%
LCORL98%
STC263%
ADAMTS1752%
Leg length
FGF4·CFA1820%
FGF4·CFA1267%
Coat
RSPO269%
FGF598%
KRT71100%
MC1R73%
Ear set
MSRB359%
Skull shape
BMP364%
SMOC297%
n = 32 dogs · moderate confidence · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
Names & origins

Other names

The Bichon Frise is also recorded as Bichon A Poil Frise, Bichon Frisé, and Bichón Tenerife.

Identified as Bichon Frise (VBO:0200163) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 215 · iDog 35 · VeNom 13714.

What you see when you look at a Bichon Frise

What does the genome say about how a Bichon Frise looks?

Bichon Frises look the way they do because of a small set of fixed and near-fixed morphology genes that, taken together, define the visible breed. Each translation below pairs the gene with the trait an owner actually sees, the breed's allele frequency at that locus, and a one-clause causal phrase.

Where the breed-defining genes act, mapped on a generic dog-body key — and how fixed each marker is in the Bichon Frise. The figure is the most-settled marker we read in that region; the full per-locus panel is below. (The silhouette is a shared anatomical guide, not this breed's outline.)

Body sizeLCORL · 98%Skull shapeSMOC2 · 97%EarsMSRB3 · 59%Leg lengthFGF4 CFA12 · 67%Coat & colorKRT71 · 100%
CanVAS trait-locus panel (Brundage 2026)
15 morphology markers read across 5 regions. Allele frequency = how fixed a marker is in this breed, not whether your dog carries it.

Size and build

IGF1 sits at 61% for the small-body allele. IGF1 is the gene that sets dog body size from Chihuahua to Great Dane. Intermediate frequencies typically keep a breed in the mid-sized range rather than tipping toward the larger working forms.

IGF1what this gene does

IGF1 is a gene that plays a key role in determining a dog's body size. It influences how much a dog grows, affecting overall stature.

For your dog: Knowing about IGF1 gives you insight into your dog's size traits, but it’s just one part of the bigger picture when it comes to their health and care.

Full IGF1 gene page →

HMGA2 is at 14%, leaving most of the size signal to other loci in the panel.

HMGA2what this gene does

HMGA2 is a gene that influences body size in dogs, helping determine how big or small a dog grows.

For your dog: Knowing about HMGA2 helps you appreciate the genetic factors behind your dog's size, but it doesn't signal any health issues.

Full HMGA2 gene page →

SMAD2 is at 3%, leaving the height signal mostly to other size genes.

SMAD2what this gene does

SMAD2 is a gene involved in regulating body size by influencing how cells grow and develop.

For your dog: Knowing about SMAD2 helps understand your dog's size traits but isn't linked to health issues; no immediate action needed.

Full SMAD2 gene page →

LCORL is near-fixed at 98%, the NCAPG/LCORL height locus that is one of the strongest single contributors to canine body size.

LCORLwhat this gene does

LCORL is a gene that influences body size in dogs. It helps determine how big or small a dog might grow.

For your dog: Knowing about LCORL helps you appreciate the genetic factors behind your dog's size, but it’s just one piece of the bigger picture when it comes to health and care.

Full LCORL gene page →

STC2 sits at 63%.

ADAMTS17 sits at 52%. ADAMTS17 is a body-size locus also linked to lens disorders.

ADAMTS17what this gene does

ADAMTS17 is a gene that influences body size and also plays a role in certain eye conditions. It affects the structure of tissues in the eye and elsewhere in the body.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry ADAMTS17 variants, it’s worth discussing genetic testing and eye exams with your vet to stay ahead of potential issues.

Full ADAMTS17 gene page →

Leg length

The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 18 is at 20%, the chromosome-18 leg-length variant, which keeps the breed short-legged like Corgis and Dachshunds.

The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 12 sits at 67%, the chondrodystrophic variant.

Coat type, length, and color

RSPO2 sits at 69% for the furnishings variant. Furnishings (the eyebrow-and-mustache pattern seen in Schnauzers and Wheaten Terriers) vary across the population at this intermediate frequency, and visible expression depends on the specific allele combination each dog carries.

RSPO2what this gene does

RSPO2 influences the texture and appearance of a dog's coat, particularly the presence of 'furnishings' like mustaches and eyebrows. It helps determine whether a dog has that distinctive wiry or textured look.

For your dog: If your dog has those wiry eyebrows or a mustache, RSPO2 is part of the reason—no health worries, just a coat feature worth knowing about.

Full RSPO2 gene page →

FGF5 is at 98% for the long-coat variant, which is why the breed's coat sits where it does on the long end of the dog coat-length spectrum.

FGF5what this gene does

FGF5 is a gene that influences the length of a dog's coat. It acts like a natural switch, telling hair follicles when to stop growing longer fur.

For your dog: If your dog has a notably long or short coat, FGF5 is likely part of the reason—no action needed, but it’s a neat genetic detail to know.

Full FGF5 gene page →

KRT71 is near-fixed at 100% for the wavy/curly variant. Coat curl phenotype varies across breeds at this fixation depending on modifier loci, and visible expression is not always curled even when the locus is fixed.

KRT71what this gene does

KRT71 is a gene that influences the curliness of a dog's coat. It helps determine whether a dog's fur is straight or has a distinctive curl.

For your dog: If your dog has a curly coat, KRT71 is likely part of the reason; it’s a natural variation, not a health concern.

Full KRT71 gene page →

MC1R sits at 73% at the representative SNP. MC1R controls the switch between red-to-gold pigment and black-to-brown pigment, with the e/e homozygous genotype producing the gold-to-red spectrum. Substrate frequencies at this SNP depend on the array's polarity, so visible coat color in the breed is a more reliable indicator than this single number.

MC1Rwhat this gene does

MC1R is a gene that influences coat color in dogs, affecting how pigments are produced in the fur.

For your dog: Knowing about MC1R gives insight into your dog's coat color but doesn't relate to health issues.

Full MC1R gene page →

Ears

MSRB3 sits at 59% for the drop-ear allele, which is why ear set varies across the breed.

MSRB3what this gene does

MSRB3 is a gene involved in the development of ear shape and structure in dogs.

For your dog: Understanding MSRB3 helps explain why your dog's ears look the way they do, but it isn't linked to any health issues.

Full MSRB3 gene page →

Skull shape

BMP3 sits at 64%, contributing to the breed's moderate, mesaticephalic head shape rather than the extreme brachycephalic form.

BMP3what this gene does

BMP3 is a gene that influences the shape of a dog's skull, particularly contributing to a shorter, broader head shape known as brachycephaly.

For your dog: If your dog has a broad, short skull, it's worth discussing with your vet how this might impact their health, even though BMP3 isn't directly tied to illness.

Full BMP3 gene page →

SMOC2 is at 97%, the major locus contributing to the breed's brachycephalic face shape.

SMOC2what this gene does

SMOC2 influences the shape of a dog's skull, particularly affecting how flat or short the face appears.

For your dog: If your dog has a short nose, it's worth discussing with your vet how this trait might impact their health over time.

Full SMOC2 gene page →
Mendelian-disease genetics

What genetic diseases do Bichon Frises carry?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), Bichon Frises carry 9 of them at observable frequency. Carrier frequency is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY)
Autosomal dominant
high 20.8%
n = 1,059 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000157-9615 · omia.org →
FGF4what this gene does

FGF4 influences leg length by affecting bone growth, leading to shorter legs in certain breeds.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene, it's worth discussing spinal health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t guarantee problems.

Bald Thigh Syndrome (Discovered in Sighthounds)
Autosomal recessive
low 3.8%
n = 52 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002168-9615 · omia.org →
IGFBP5what this gene does

IGFBP5 is a gene that helps regulate growth factors involved in tissue development and repair.

For your dog: If you have a sighthound, it’s worth mentioning IGFBP5-related risks to your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog will develop the syndrome.

Bleeding disorder (Discovered in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog; P2RY12-related)
Autosomal recessive
low 3.6%
n = 1,069 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001564-9615 · omia.org →
P2RY12what this gene does

P2RY12 is a gene that helps control how platelets stick together to form blood clots, which is essential for stopping bleeding.

For your dog: If your dog is from one of these breeds, it’s worth asking your vet about P2RY12 to understand any potential bleeding risks, especially before surgery or injury.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low 2.6%
n = 1,069 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000263-9615 · omia.org →
SOD1what this gene does

SOD1 is a gene that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier of SOD1 variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, but remember carrier status doesn't mean your dog will get the disease.

Osteochondrodysplasia (Discovered in the Miniature Poodle)
Autosomal recessive
low 2.4%
n = 1,069 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001400-9615 · omia.org →
SLC13A1what this gene does

SLC13A1 is a gene that helps transport important molecules involved in bone and cartilage health. It plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of these tissues.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand what it means for their bone health and care.

Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (prcd-PRA)
Autosomal recessive
low 1.1%
n = 1,066 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001298-9615 · omia.org →
PRCDwhat this gene does

PRCD is a gene involved in the health of a dog's retina, the part of the eye that detects light and helps with vision.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry PRCD changes, it's worth discussing eye health and potential genetic testing with your vet.

Polyneuropathy with Ocular Abnormalities and Neuronal Vacuolation (Discovered in the Black Russian Terrier and Rottweiler; POANV)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 1,055 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001970-9615 · omia.org →
RAB3GAP1what this gene does

RAB3GAP1 is a gene involved in nerve cell function, particularly in how cells communicate and maintain their structure.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing genetic testing with your vet to understand any potential risks.

Early-Onset Progressive Polyneuropathy (Discovered in the Greyhound)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 1,069 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:002120-9615 · omia.org →
NDRG1what this gene does

NDRG1 is a gene involved in nerve cell function and maintenance, helping keep the nervous system working properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry NDRG1 variants, it’s worth discussing with your vet, especially if you notice any mobility issues.

Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis (Discovered in the Irish Terrier and Kromfohrländer)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 1,069 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001327-9615 · omia.org →
Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 1,069 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.

Which Mendelian variants matter most for Bichon Frises?

The Mendelian-disease table above lists 9 variants at observable carrier frequency, from 194 total screened in 1,069 Bichon Frises (Donner 2023). Three stand out by frequency and clinical impact.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY)

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk in Bichon Frises is caused by a dominant FGF4 retrogene. Bichon Frises carry this variant at 20.8% (Donner 2023, n=1,059). The breed does not show the shortened limbs associated with chondrodystrophy in Dachshunds or Corgis. What Bichons do show is increased risk for intervertebral disc disease, the consistent expression across all carriers of this variant regardless of limb morphology.

Clinical signs in affected dogs often emerge in mid-life, though onset varies. Affected dogs experience back pain, reduced mobility, and in severe cases, loss of rear-limb function. Testing is available through commercial DNA panels. Breeding decisions should account for the carrier frequency in the current population.

Bald Thigh Syndrome (Discovered in Sighthounds)

Bald Thigh Syndrome in Bichon Frises is a recessive condition causing hair loss on the lateral thigh. The syndrome primarily affects coat appearance rather than systemic health, based on current characterisation. 3.8% of Bichons in the Donner cohort carry the variant (n=52). Testing is available.

This autosomal-recessive bleeding disorder in Bichon Frises is caused by a variant in P2RY12 and affects platelet function. Affected dogs have prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery. 3.6% of Bichons carry the variant (Donner 2023, n=1,069). The carrier frequency is low, but testing before elective surgery may be warranted if the dog has a family history of bleeding.

How should I test my Bichon Frise?

A targeted panel covering CDDY (chondrodystrophy/IVDD risk), prcd-PRA (progressive rod-cone degeneration), and the P2RY12 bleeding disorder variant is a reasonable starting point for breeding stock. The Bichon Frise Club of America can advise on current health priorities.

What should I feed a Bichon Frise?

Feeding a Bichon Frise well means accounting for the breed’s small size and the 20.8% carrier frequency of the CDDY variant that predisposes to intervertebral disc disease. Weight management and joint support are the two pillars of Bichon nutrition.

Weight management is critical because IVDD risk compounds with excess body weight. A Bichon in the ideal weight range (12 to 18 pounds per the AKC breed standard) has less mechanical stress on an already-vulnerable spine than one above that range. The breed’s small frame means portion control is unforgiving; a 2-pound weight gain on a 15-pound dog is proportionally significant. A calorie-controlled adult formula with measured portions is the foundation.

Joint support through balanced minerals matters because the CDDY variant is common. The NRC 2006 guidelines recommend a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio between 1:1 and 2:1 for adult dogs. Bichons benefit from formulations at the lower end of that range, paired with glucosamine and chondroitin where feasible. The breed is prone to dental disease as well, so kibble size and texture that support chewing are a secondary consideration.

Protein adequacy is underrated in toy breeds. Bichons often receive grain-free or novel-protein diets based on allergies or skin concerns rather than breed-wide vulnerability. There is no evidence of breed-specific food sensitivities. A standard, complete adult formula from a manufacturer with feeding trials is appropriate unless your veterinarian identifies a specific dietary need. The breed’s small size makes it easy to underfeed on premium, calorie-dense formulations; follow the label guidelines for weight range rather than age.

Dental calculus and gingivitis are frequently reported in small-breed dogs including Bichons, with risk increasing with age. Annual dental screening by your veterinarian is standard. Diet alone does not prevent it, but mechanically-textured kibble provides some support.

What we don’t know

The atlas contains only 32 Bichon Frises, which limits what we can resolve about lifespan outliers and sub-population structure within the breed. The breed-club health survey, if one exists, has not been published in a form accessible to this analysis. We do not know the true prevalence of IVDD symptomatic disease in Bichon carriers of the CDDY variant, only that the variant is present at 20.8%.

Progressive rod-cone degeneration (prcd-PRA) is rare in Bichons (1.1% carrier frequency), but the disease itself when it occurs is progressive and leads to blindness, typically in mid-life in affected dogs (OMIA:001298-9615). The limited data we have do not yet tell us the age of onset in Bichons specifically, only that the variant is present.

Frequently asked questions about Bichon Frises

How long do Bichon Frises live? The atlas median lifespan for Bichons is 12.5 years. Breed-club anecdotal reports are consistent with this figure, though no peer-reviewed breed-club survey has been published in a form accessible to this analysis. Individuals vary widely; some live into their mid-teens.

What is the most common genetic disease in Bichon Frises? The CDDY variant, which predisposes to intervertebral disc disease, is present in 20.8% of the breed (Donner 2023, n=1,059). IVDD is not inevitable in carriers, but the risk is real and compounds with age and weight.

Should I do a DNA test on my Bichon Frise? For breeding stock, yes. A panel covering CDDY, prcd-PRA, and the P2RY12 bleeding disorder is a reasonable minimum. For pet Bichons, testing is optional unless there is a family history of neurological or bleeding problems.

Are Bichon Frises prone to back problems? Bichons carry the CDDY variant at 20.8%, which increases intervertebral disc disease risk. Not all carriers develop symptoms, but weight management and avoiding jumping from high surfaces help reduce mechanical stress on the spine.

What is the best diet for a Bichon Frise? A calorie-controlled, complete adult formula with a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio at the lower end of the NRC 2006 guidelines (1:1 to 1.5:1) supports joint health. Weight management is the single most important dietary decision for the breed.

Are Bichon Frises good with kids? Bichon Frises are social, tolerant dogs that typically do well with children. Their small size (12 to 18 pounds per the AKC breed standard) means they can be injured by rough handling from very young children. Supervision is important.

Do Bichon Frises have any skin or coat issues? Bichons are not predisposed to genetic skin disease by the variants in the current screening panel. The breed’s curly coat requires regular grooming to prevent matting. Ear infections are frequently reported in Bichons because the drop-ear conformation traps moisture. Weekly ear cleaning is a standard preventive measure.

What health testing should I ask a breeder for? Ask for CDDY and prcd-PRA results on both parents. Ask whether the parents have been screened for the P2RY12 bleeding disorder. Request health history on the grandparents if available. The Bichon Frise Club of America maintains health recommendations that may evolve.

A gift to human medicine

Bichon Frises are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in Bichon Frises help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the Bichon Frise

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 9 genetic conditions in the Bichon Frise, 7 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all Bichon Frises ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Carrier frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Carrier frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are now in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references on gene pages remain pending, they arrive in December 2026 alongside the imputed 9.67M-variant CanVAS dataset via the OMIA SQL dump absorption. Until then, gene IDs carry NCBI Gene and OMIA phene URLs only; the wider human-homolog and disease-ontology cross-reference set fills in with that release.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.1 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

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References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage J, et al. (2026). CanVAS: a harmonized canine variant atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA