Skip to main content
snıff

Bloodhound

Bloodhound
Photo: User:Erland22 / CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia

18 Bloodhounds in the atlas. Every number on this page has a source.

Population-genetic snapshot of Bloodhounds in the Sniff Atlas, source-graded Mendelian carrier frequencies from Donner 2023, and nutrition guidance tied to the genetic findings above.

Also known as Chien De Saint Hubert, St. Hubert Hound, and Standard Bloodhound.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
The plain version

Bloodhounds have a moderately diverse genetic background, which means they have a good mix of traits within the breed. Because only a small number of dogs were studied, this picture might change as more information becomes available. Some health concerns linked to their genes include certain nerve and eye conditions, as well as a heart risk factor; these reflect the breed’s overall gene pool and aren’t a prediction for any one dog, so it’s a good idea to talk with your vet or consider genetic testing.

What the atlas says about Bloodhound

In the atlas, the Bloodhound clusters consistently as Bloodhound (100% of the 18 dogs here). At the trait loci, HMGA2 runs higher than the atlas average (100% here vs 56%); ADAMTS17 runs higher than the atlas average (88% here vs 54%). Dogs here sit in a relatively sparse region of the atlas, fewer close neighbors than typical.

Low breed predictability score (0.28), individual dogs of this breed vary widely in genetics, suggesting active substructure or sub-population diversity. Only 18 dogs of this breed in the atlas, modestly sampled.

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the genome says about Bloodhound

Computed from the 18,477 research dogs in the Atlas.

These figures are computed from only 18 Bloodhounds in the atlas. Treat them as provisional. They sharpen as more dogs are added.
Dogs in the Atlas
18Founders
10 from Spatola, 7 from Hayward2016, 1 from JenkinsWGS
Genetic diversity

Not enough dogs in the atlas yet (n=18) for a reliable diversity figure. It fills in as more are added.

Mean heterozygosity across the breed. Too few dogs in this breed (<20) to rank.
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure

Not enough dogs in the atlas yet (n=18) to resolve cluster structure. It fills in as more are added.

What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
Gave rise to
In the Hound group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
9.3years (life expectancy)
95% CI 8.6–11 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=134. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

Trait genetics
Allele frequencies at named morphology loci

Frequency of the alternate allele in this breed at each locus's representative SNP.

Not enough Bloodhounds in the atlas yet (n=18) for reliable allele frequencies at these loci. It fills in as more are added.

n = 18 dogs · low confidence · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
Names & origins

Other names

The Bloodhound is also recorded as Chien De Saint Hubert, St. Hubert Hound, and Standard Bloodhound.

Identified as Bloodhound (VBO:0200175) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 84 · iDog 39 · VeNom 13721.

What you see when you look at a Bloodhound

What does the genome say about how a Bloodhound looks?

Bloodhounds look the way they do because of a small set of fixed and near-fixed morphology genes that, taken together, define the visible breed. Each translation below pairs the gene with the trait an owner actually sees, the breed's allele frequency at that locus, and a one-clause causal phrase.

Where the breed-defining genes act, mapped on a generic dog-body key — and how fixed each marker is in the Bloodhound. The figure is the most-settled marker we read in that region; the full per-locus panel is below. (The silhouette is a shared anatomical guide, not this breed's outline.)

Body sizeHMGA2 · 100%Skull shapeSMOC2 · 86%EarsMSRB3 · 100%Leg lengthFGF4 CFA12 · 100%Coat & colorFGF5 · 69%
CanVAS trait-locus panel (Brundage 2026)
15 morphology markers read across 5 regions. Allele frequency = how fixed a marker is in this breed, not whether your dog carries it.

Size and build

IGF1 sits at 30% for the small-body allele. IGF1 is the gene that sets dog body size from Chihuahua to Great Dane. Intermediate frequencies typically keep a breed in the mid-sized range rather than tipping toward the larger working forms.

IGF1what this gene does

IGF1 is a gene that plays a key role in determining a dog's body size. It influences how much a dog grows, affecting overall stature.

For your dog: Knowing about IGF1 gives you insight into your dog's size traits, but it’s just one part of the bigger picture when it comes to their health and care.

Full IGF1 gene page →

HMGA2 is near-fixed at 100%, reinforcing the breed's size signal through a second locus on chromosome 10.

HMGA2what this gene does

HMGA2 is a gene that influences body size in dogs, helping determine how big or small a dog grows.

For your dog: Knowing about HMGA2 helps you appreciate the genetic factors behind your dog's size, but it doesn't signal any health issues.

Full HMGA2 gene page →

SMAD2 is near-fixed at 92%, a chromosome-7 height locus differentiating small from giant breeds.

SMAD2what this gene does

SMAD2 is a gene involved in regulating body size by influencing how cells grow and develop.

For your dog: Knowing about SMAD2 helps understand your dog's size traits but isn't linked to health issues; no immediate action needed.

Full SMAD2 gene page →

LCORL sits at 50% at the NCAPG/LCORL height locus on chromosome 3.

LCORLwhat this gene does

LCORL is a gene that influences body size in dogs. It helps determine how big or small a dog might grow.

For your dog: Knowing about LCORL helps you appreciate the genetic factors behind your dog's size, but it’s just one piece of the bigger picture when it comes to health and care.

Full LCORL gene page →

STC2 sits at 68%.

ADAMTS17 is at 88%, near-fixed for the size variant.

ADAMTS17what this gene does

ADAMTS17 is a gene that influences body size and also plays a role in certain eye conditions. It affects the structure of tissues in the eye and elsewhere in the body.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry ADAMTS17 variants, it’s worth discussing genetic testing and eye exams with your vet to stay ahead of potential issues.

Full ADAMTS17 gene page →

Leg length

The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 18 sits at 81%. This is the leg-length variant. The intermediate frequency means some dogs in this breed carry the short-legged allele and some do not.

The FGF4 retrogene on chromosome 12 is near-fixed at 100%, the chondrodystrophic variant associated with intervertebral disc disease risk in breeds that carry it.

Coat type, length, and color

RSPO2 sits at 46% for the furnishings variant. Furnishings (the eyebrow-and-mustache pattern seen in Schnauzers and Wheaten Terriers) vary across the population at this intermediate frequency, and visible expression depends on the specific allele combination each dog carries.

RSPO2what this gene does

RSPO2 influences the texture and appearance of a dog's coat, particularly the presence of 'furnishings' like mustaches and eyebrows. It helps determine whether a dog has that distinctive wiry or textured look.

For your dog: If your dog has those wiry eyebrows or a mustache, RSPO2 is part of the reason—no health worries, just a coat feature worth knowing about.

Full RSPO2 gene page →

FGF5 sits at 69% for the long-coat variant. Coat length is influenced by other loci as well, so intermediate FGF5 frequencies do not always correspond to intermediate visible coat lengths.

FGF5what this gene does

FGF5 is a gene that influences the length of a dog's coat. It acts like a natural switch, telling hair follicles when to stop growing longer fur.

For your dog: If your dog has a notably long or short coat, FGF5 is likely part of the reason—no action needed, but it’s a neat genetic detail to know.

Full FGF5 gene page →

KRT71 sits at 58% for the wavy/curly variant. Coat curl varies across individuals at this intermediate frequency, and visible expression is also influenced by modifier loci.

KRT71what this gene does

KRT71 is a gene that influences the curliness of a dog's coat. It helps determine whether a dog's fur is straight or has a distinctive curl.

For your dog: If your dog has a curly coat, KRT71 is likely part of the reason; it’s a natural variation, not a health concern.

Full KRT71 gene page →

MC1R sits at 39% at the representative SNP. MC1R controls the switch between red-to-gold pigment and black-to-brown pigment, with the e/e homozygous genotype producing the gold-to-red spectrum. Substrate frequencies at this SNP depend on the array's polarity, so visible coat color in the breed is a more reliable indicator than this single number.

MC1Rwhat this gene does

MC1R is a gene that influences coat color in dogs, affecting how pigments are produced in the fur.

For your dog: Knowing about MC1R gives insight into your dog's coat color but doesn't relate to health issues.

Full MC1R gene page →

Ears

MSRB3 is at 100% for the drop-ear allele, the genetic basis of the breed's signature dropped ear set.

MSRB3what this gene does

MSRB3 is a gene involved in the development of ear shape and structure in dogs.

For your dog: Understanding MSRB3 helps explain why your dog's ears look the way they do, but it isn't linked to any health issues.

Full MSRB3 gene page →

Skull shape

BMP3 sits at 82%, contributing to the breed's moderate, mesaticephalic head shape rather than the extreme brachycephalic form.

BMP3what this gene does

BMP3 is a gene that influences the shape of a dog's skull, particularly contributing to a shorter, broader head shape known as brachycephaly.

For your dog: If your dog has a broad, short skull, it's worth discussing with your vet how this might impact their health, even though BMP3 isn't directly tied to illness.

Full BMP3 gene page →

SMOC2 is at 86%, the major locus contributing to the breed's brachycephalic face shape.

SMOC2what this gene does

SMOC2 influences the shape of a dog's skull, particularly affecting how flat or short the face appears.

For your dog: If your dog has a short nose, it's worth discussing with your vet how this trait might impact their health over time.

Full SMOC2 gene page →
Mendelian-disease genetics

What genetic diseases do Bloodhounds carry?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), Bloodhounds carry 7 of them at observable frequency. Carrier frequency is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
high 22.5%
n = 280 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000263-9615 · omia.org →
SOD1what this gene does

SOD1 is a gene that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier of SOD1 variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, but remember carrier status doesn't mean your dog will get the disease.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
high 21.8%
n = 280 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001432-9615 · omia.org →
RPGRIP1what this gene does

RPGRIP1 is a gene involved in the function of photoreceptor cells in the eye, which help dogs see in different light conditions.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry RPGRIP1 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand the risks and monitor eye health.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy risk factor (Discovered in the Doberman Pinscher; PDK4-related)
Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance)
moderate 1.3%
n = 280 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000162-9615 · omia.org →
PDK4what this gene does

PDK4 helps regulate how cells use energy, especially in the heart muscle.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene, it’s worth discussing heart health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog will develop disease.

Shar-Pei Autoinflammatory Disease (SPAID)
Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance)
low 0.54%
n = 280 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001561-9615 · omia.org →
MTBPwhat this gene does

MTBP is a gene involved in regulating inflammation in the body. It helps control how the immune system responds to triggers.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry MTBP variants, it's worth discussing with your vet whether genetic testing or monitoring for inflammation-related issues makes sense.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY)
Autosomal dominant
low 0.18%
n = 279 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000157-9615 · omia.org →
FGF4what this gene does

FGF4 influences leg length by affecting bone growth, leading to shorter legs in certain breeds.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene, it's worth discussing spinal health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t guarantee problems.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Discovered in the Dalmatian; ARDS)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.18%
n = 280 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002539-9615 · omia.org →
Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 1 (Discovered in Mastiff-related breeds; CMR1)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.18%
n = 280 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001444-9615 · omia.org →
BEST1what this gene does

BEST1 is a gene that helps maintain the health of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It plays a role in keeping the cells in the retina functioning properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry BEST1 variants, it’s worth discussing retinal health with your vet, especially if you notice any vision changes.

Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 280 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.

Which Mendelian variants matter most for Bloodhounds?

The Mendelian-disease table above lists seven variants screened in 280 Bloodhounds (Donner 2023). Two matter most by carrier frequency and impact on daily life.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)

Degenerative myelopathy in Bloodhounds is a progressive spinal-cord degeneration caused by a recessive variant in SOD1. Affected dogs lose hind-limb coordination and strength, typically in middle or late life, and the disease progresses to paralysis. The condition is incurable and ultimately fatal. 22.5% of Bloodhounds in the Donner cohort carry one copy of the variant (n=280).

The inheritance is autosomal recessive with incomplete penetrance, which means not every dog with two copies will become symptomatic. Testing is available through breed-specific panels. The Bloodhound Club of America encourages testing of breeding stock to avoid carrier-by-carrier pairings (bloodhoundsofamerica.org).

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)

Cone-rod dystrophy in Bloodhounds is a progressive retinal degeneration caused by a recessive variant in RPGRIP1. Affected dogs lose cone-mediated (bright-light) vision first, then rod-mediated (dim-light) vision as the disease advances. The disease typically emerges in middle age. 21.8% of Bloodhounds in the Donner cohort carry one copy (n=280).

Like degenerative myelopathy, the inheritance carries incomplete penetrance. Testing is available. Annual ophthalmologic screening (OFA CAER exam, formerly CERF) is recommended for breeding stock and for any dog with a known carrier status.

How should I test my Bloodhound?

A breed-specific panel from a CLIA-accredited laboratory is the high-yield path. The minimum useful set for Bloodhounds is DM (degenerative myelopathy) and cord1-PRA/crd4 (cone-rod dystrophy). Optional additions include the TTN-associated dilated cardiomyopathy risk factor and SPAID, though both are rare in the breed.

What should I feed a Bloodhound?

Bloodhounds were bred for eight-hour hunting days and their metabolism still expects them. Food-motivated weight gain is the most common Bloodhound health failure, and the food bowl is where it starts.

Weight management is the single most consequential feeding decision for this breed. Bloodhounds are scent-driven, food-motivated, and built lean for endurance work. A pet Bloodhound eating maintenance calories while spending most days in a suburban yard will gain weight steadily. Excess body condition accelerates joint wear, complicates cardiac function, and shortens lifespan. The breed’s median lifespan in the sniff.world atlas is 7.5 years (sniff.world atlas, n=18); owners who keep their dogs lean into their senior years extend that window meaningfully.

Feed measured portions, not ad libitum. A Bloodhound’s appetite does not self-limit. Use a kitchen scale to portion each meal to the target caloric density recommended by the food manufacturer for the dog’s weight and activity level. Most Bloodhounds in pet homes require 15 to 25 percent fewer calories than a kibble’s “active” recommendation suggests. Work with your veterinarian to establish a target weight based on body condition score, not breed standard weight.

Joint health and the growth phase matter, but Bloodhounds are not giant-breed giants. Adult Bloodhounds weigh 80 to 110 pounds. A puppy-stage formulation with controlled calcium (no more than 1.8% dry-matter calcium, per NRC 2006) and a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio between 1.1:1 and 2:1 is appropriate during growth. After 12 months, transition to a maintenance formula with moderate protein (18 to 22 percent) and fat (12 to 15 percent). The breed’s 22.5% carrier frequency for degenerative myelopathy (Donner 2023, n=280) means spinal health is a long-term concern; moderate, consistent weight and adequate but not excessive protein support that.

Cardiac and respiratory health are secondary feeding considerations. The breed carries a 1.3% frequency of a TTN-associated dilated cardiomyopathy risk factor (Donner 2023, n=280). Grain-inclusive, taurine-adequate formulations are the conservative default. Bloodhounds also have long, heavy ears and a narrow chest, which means heat management and airway clarity matter; feeding smaller, more frequent meals rather than one large meal can ease gastric bloat risk.

What we don’t know

The penetrance of degenerative myelopathy and cone-rod dystrophy in Bloodhounds specifically is not yet well characterized. Both variants carry incomplete penetrance in the Donner dataset, but we do not yet know what proportion of Bloodhounds with two disease-associated copies will become symptomatic or at what age. The breed’s small atlas size (18 dogs) limits our ability to track long-term outcomes in genotyped individuals.

Bloodhound lifespan data in the literature is sparse and conflicting. The atlas median of 7.5 years (sniff.world atlas, n=18) is shorter than some breed-club estimates. This gap may reflect a cohort that skews toward dogs with early health crises, or it may reflect the tendency of owner-reported estimates to exceed verified lifespans. The honest summary is that the gap remains unresolved until more genotyped Bloodhounds are followed longitudinally.

Frequently asked questions about Bloodhounds

Are Bloodhounds good with kids? Yes. Bloodhounds are gentle, pack-oriented dogs with low aggression drive. They were selectively bred for 1,000 years to work cooperatively in large hunts. They are patient with children but will knock over toddlers with their size and enthusiasm; supervision is necessary as with any large dog.

How long do Bloodhounds live? The atlas median lifespan is 7.5 years (sniff.world atlas, n=18), though some breed-club estimates are higher. Weight management and early screening for degenerative myelopathy and vision loss are the clearest levers owners control to extend lifespan.

What is the most common health problem in Bloodhounds? Obesity is the most common preventable health problem. Degenerative myelopathy (carrier frequency 22.5%, Donner 2023, n=280) and cone-rod dystrophy (carrier frequency 21.8%, Donner 2023, n=280) are the most common genetic risks.

Should I do a DNA test on my Bloodhound? For breeding stock, yes. For a pet Bloodhound, testing for degenerative myelopathy and cone-rod dystrophy will inform screening intervals; dogs with two disease-associated copies benefit from early ophthalmologic exams and neurologic monitoring in middle age.

What causes ear infections in Bloodhounds? Bloodhounds’ long, pendulous ears trap moisture and restrict airflow, creating an ideal environment for bacterial and yeast overgrowth. Weekly ear cleaning with a vet-approved cleanser and prompt drying after swimming or baths are preventive. Otitis externa is common and can become chronic; topical treatment is usually effective.

Are Bloodhounds prone to bloat? Bloat (gastric dilatation-volvulus) is a surgical emergency in large, deep-chested dogs. Bloodhounds are at elevated risk. Feeding multiple small meals rather than one large meal, avoiding exercise immediately after feeding, and knowing the signs of bloat (restlessness, abdominal distension, unsuccessful vomiting attempts) are essential. Consider discussing prophylactic gastropexy with your veterinarian.

Do Bloodhounds shed a lot? Yes. Bloodhounds shed year-round, heavily twice annually. Brush 3 to 4 times weekly to manage loose hair and reduce what ends up on furniture and clothing.

What is the best diet for a Bloodhound? A measured-portion, grain-inclusive, moderate-protein kibble or whole-food diet matched to the individual dog’s activity level and weight. Bloodhounds thrive on consistency and portion control; the best diet is the one the owner can sustain and that keeps the dog lean. Annual body-condition scoring with your veterinarian is more important than the brand name on the bag.

A gift to human medicine

Bloodhounds are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in Bloodhounds help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the Bloodhound

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 1 genetic conditions in the Bloodhound, 1 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all Bloodhounds ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Carrier frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Carrier frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are now in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references on gene pages remain pending, they arrive in December 2026 alongside the imputed 9.67M-variant CanVAS dataset via the OMIA SQL dump absorption. Until then, gene IDs carry NCBI Gene and OMIA phene URLs only; the wider human-homolog and disease-ontology cross-reference set fills in with that release.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.1 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

Add your bloodhound to the atlas

We have 18 bloodhounds. We do not have yours.

Every bloodhound added sharpens the breed's genetic neighborhood. Enrollment is free. The data stays open. The star is permanent.

Add your bloodhound now as a Charted star
Want to wait for DNA uploads?

Leave your email and we'll let you know the moment DNA uploads open for Bloodhounds.

References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage J, et al. (2026). CanVAS: a harmonized canine variant atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA