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German Shepherd

Lifespan
11.3 years
95% CI 11.3 to 11.4 · McMillan 2024, n=19,908
Most carried variant
Degenerative Myelopathy
20% of 15,645 tested · Donner 2023
Behind this page
381 dogs
in the atlas · 15,648 tested for variants
Also carried:Canine Scott Syndrome · 1.3%

German Shepherds have a cited life expectancy of 11.3 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass, n=19,908, 95% CI 11.3 to 11.4). The most carried tested variant is Degenerative Myelopathy, in 20% of 15,645 German Shepherds tested (Donner 2023), then Canine Scott Syndrome (1.3%).

German Shepherd
Photo: gomagoti · CC BY-SA 2.5 · Wikimedia

Also known as Alsatian, Berger Allemand, Deutscher Schaferhund, and DSH.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
Mendelian-disease genetics

What genetic diseases do German Shepherds carry?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), German Shepherds carry 43 of them at observable frequency. Carrier frequency is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
high 20.4%
n = 15,645 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000263-9615 · omia.org →
SOD1what this gene does

SOD1 is a gene that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier of SOD1 variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, but remember carrier status doesn't mean your dog will get the disease.

Canine Scott Syndrome (CSS)
Autosomal recessive
Pathogenic low 1.3%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001353-9615 · omia.org →
ANO6what this gene does

ANO6 is a gene that helps regulate how blood cells expose certain signals on their surface, which is important for normal blood clotting.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry ANO6 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet before any procedures to ensure bleeding risks are managed.

MDR1 (Multidrug Resistance 1) Medication Sensitivity
Autosomal dominant
low 0.74%
n = 15,647 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001402-9615 · omia.org →
ABCB1what this gene does

ABCB1 is a gene that helps control how certain drugs are processed and cleared from a dog's body.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed that carries this gene variant, ask your vet about medication sensitivities before giving any new drugs.

Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.40%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000218-9615 · omia.org →
NHEJ1what this gene does

NHEJ1 is a gene involved in repairing breaks in DNA, helping maintain the integrity of genetic information in cells.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing testing with your vet to understand any potential eye health risks.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (Discovered in the Schnauzer; DCM)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.26%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002365-9615 · omia.org →
RBM20what this gene does

RBM20 is a gene that helps control how the heart muscle builds and repairs itself. It plays a key role in keeping the heart's pumping function strong.

For your dog: If you have a dog from these breeds, it’s worth discussing heart health with your vet, especially as your dog ages.

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD), Type III
Autosomal recessive
low 0.22%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001525-9615 · omia.org →
Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (prcd-PRA)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.16%
n = 15,611 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001298-9615 · omia.org →
PRCDwhat this gene does

PRCD is a gene involved in the health of a dog's retina, the part of the eye that detects light and helps with vision.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry PRCD changes, it's worth discussing eye health and potential genetic testing with your vet.

Mucopolysaccharidosis, Type VII (Discovered in the German Shepherd Dog; MPS VII)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000667-9615 · omia.org →
Renal Cystadenocarcinoma and Nodular Dermatofibrosis (RCND)
Autosomal dominant
low <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001335-9615 · omia.org →
Von Willebrand's Disease, Type 1 (vWD 1)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001057-9615 · omia.org →
Cystinuria Type I-A (SLC3A1 p.I192V)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 3 variants tested · OMIA:000256-9615 · omia.org →
SLC3A1what this gene does

SLC3A1 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a key role in preventing the buildup of cystine, which can form stones.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry SLC3A1 variants, it’s worth discussing cystinuria risks with your vet, especially if urinary issues arise.

Stargardt Disease (Discovered in the Labrador Retriever)
Autosomal recessive
Pathogenic low <0.1%
n = 15,647 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:002179-9615 · omia.org →
ABCA4what this gene does

ABCA4 is a gene that helps manage the transport of molecules in the retina, the part of the eye responsible for vision.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry ABCA4 variants, it's worth discussing eye health with your vet, especially as they age.

Ichthyosis (Discovered in the Golden Retriever)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001588-9615 · omia.org →
PNPLA1what this gene does

PNPLA1 is a gene involved in maintaining the skin's barrier by helping produce essential fats that keep the skin healthy and hydrated.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry PNPLA1 variants and shows persistent dry, flaky skin, it's worth discussing with your vet to understand if genetics might be playing a role.

Cystinuria Type I-B (SLC7A9 p.A217T)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
marker disputed <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:001880-9615 · omia.org →
SLC7A9what this gene does

SLC7A9 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a role in how the body handles cystine, an amino acid that can form crystals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier, it’s worth discussing with your vet to monitor urinary health and catch any issues early.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low <0.1%
n = 15,609 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001432-9615 · omia.org →
RPGRIP1what this gene does

RPGRIP1 is a gene involved in the function of photoreceptor cells in the eye, which help dogs see in different light conditions.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry RPGRIP1 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand the risks and monitor eye health.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy risk factor (Discovered in the Doberman Pinscher; PDK4-related)
Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance)
marker disputed <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000162-9615 · omia.org →
PDK4what this gene does

PDK4 helps regulate how cells use energy, especially in the heart muscle.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene, it’s worth discussing heart health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog will develop disease.

Hyperuricosuria (HUU)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001033-9615 · omia.org →
SLC2A9what this gene does

SLC2A9 is a gene that helps regulate uric acid levels in a dog's body. It plays a role in how the kidneys handle this substance.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand any potential urinary health concerns.

Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low <0.1%
n = 15,643 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001466-9615 · omia.org →
DNM1what this gene does

DNM1 is a gene that helps nerve cells communicate properly by managing how they send signals during muscle activity.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing EIC with your vet, especially if your dog is very active or shows signs of weakness during exercise.

Acral Mutilation Syndrome (AMS)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001514-9615 · omia.org →
GDNFwhat this gene does

GDNF is a gene that helps support nerve cells, especially those involved in sensing pain and movement.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed that can carry this gene change, it’s worth asking your vet about testing to understand any potential risks.

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 1 (Discovered in Mastiff-related breeds; CMR1)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 15,648 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001444-9615 · omia.org →
BEST1what this gene does

BEST1 is a gene that helps maintain the health of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It plays a role in keeping the cells in the retina functioning properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry BEST1 variants, it’s worth discussing retinal health with your vet, especially if you notice any vision changes.

Show the other 23, ordered after these by severity, then carrier frequency.
Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY) <0.1% n = 15,570
Early-Onset Progressive Polyneuropathy (Discovered in the Greyhound) <0.1% n = 15,648
Macrothrombocytopenia (Discovered in the Norfolk and Cairn Terrier) <0.1% n = 15,648
Polyneuropathy with Ocular Abnormalities and Neuronal Vacuolation (Discovered in the Black Russian Terrier and Rottweiler; POANV) <0.1% n = 15,462
Centronuclear Myopathy (Discovered in the Labrador Retriever; HACD1-related; CNM) <0.1% n = 15,648
Hemophilia A (Discovered in the German Shepherd Dog; F8 p.C548Y) <0.1% n = 15,648
Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis (Discovered in the Labrador Retriever; HNPK) <0.1% n = 15,648
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5 (Discovered in the Border Collie; NCL5) <0.1% n = 15,648
Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) <0.1% n = 15,648
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Discovered in the Swedish Vallhund; MERTK-related) <0.1% n = 15,648
Musladin-Lueke syndrome (MLS) <0.1% n = 15,637
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Discovered in the Dalmatian; ARDS) <0.1% n = 15,644
Myeloperoxidase Deficiency (Discovered in the Italian Hound) <0.1% n = 15,645
Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (Discovered in the Heideterrier; CHRNE-related; CMS) <0.1% n = 15,647
Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Deficiency (Discovered in the Beagle) <0.1% n = 15,648
Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia (Discovered in the Belgian Malinois; ATP1B2-related SDCA2) <0.1% n = 15,647
Chondrodysplasia, Disproportionate Short-limbed (Discovered in the Norwegian Elkhound; ITGA10-related) <0.1% n = 15,648
Hereditary Elliptocytosis <0.1% n = 15,648
Hypocatalasia <0.1% n = 15,648
Intestinal Cobalamin Malabsorption (Discovered in the Border Collie; CUBN-related) <0.1% n = 15,648
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (Discovered in the Rottweiler; VPS11-related) <0.1% n = 15,648
Sensory Neuropathy (Discovered in the Border Collie) <0.1% n = 15,648
Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Myokymia and/or Seizures (KCNJ10-related; SCA) <0.1% n = 15,648
Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 15,648 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.
In plain terms

What these results mean for a German Shepherd

Degenerative myelopathy (DM)

20.4% of German Shepherds in the Donner 2023 cohort carried it (n=15,645).

  • DM is a loss of function in the spinal cord that begins in adulthood and progresses to paralysis of the back legs. There is no treatment that stops it.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “This is an adult onset degeneration of the spinal cord that progresses to paraplegia and tetraparesis. There is no successful treatment. A genetic test is available.” OMIA 000263-9615

  • Two copies of the SOD1 variant mean at risk, not affected. Some dogs with two copies never show signs.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “some homozygous mutant dogs had no signs of degenerative myelopathy, which suggests incomplete penetrance or other causative loci” OMIA 000263-9615

  • One copy makes a dog a carrier. In the study that found the variant, every affected dog tested had two copies.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “All affected dogs tested were homozygous mutant.” OMIA 000263-9615

What to do
A DNA result is not a diagnosis. Take the result, and any change in how the dog walks, to a veterinarian.

No test, or a mix
Without a test nobody can say how many copies a dog has. A breed's carrier frequency describes the breed, not this dog.

Which Mendelian variants matter most for German Shepherds?

The Mendelian-disease table above lists variants screened in 15,648 German Shepherds (Donner 2023). One dominates by carrier frequency and clinical consequence.

Canine Scott Syndrome (CSS)

Canine Scott Syndrome in German Shepherds is an autosomal-recessive bleeding disorder affecting platelet function. Affected dogs have prolonged bleeding times after injury or surgery. 1.3% of German Shepherds in the Donner cohort carry the variant (n=15,648). Testing is available. The condition is manageable with transfusion support when needed.

How should I test my German Shepherd?

A breed-specific panel from a CLIA-accredited lab is the practical path. The minimum useful set for German Shepherds is DM (degenerative myelopathy) and MDR1. For breeding stock, add CSS, CEA (Collie Eye Anomaly), and prcd-PRA (Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration).

What should I feed a German Shepherd?

German Shepherds are working dogs with metabolisms tuned for sustained activity. A pet German Shepherd in a suburban yard has lower caloric demands than a working dog, and most maintenance kibbles are formulated with that in mind. The breed’s top genetic vulnerabilities, DM at 20.4% carrier frequency and the moderate hip dysplasia heritability, shape the feeding strategy.

Joint care is foundational because German Shepherds carry hip dysplasia liability. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals reports 19.4% hip dysplasia prevalence across 121,435 German Shepherd evaluations (OFA breed statistics, ofa.org/diseases/hip-dysplasia/statistics/, accessed 2024). A large-breed puppy formulation with controlled calcium and a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio between 1.1:1 and 2:1 is the correct starting point (NRC 2006). Adult-life weight management is the second lever. Overweight dogs develop joint symptoms years earlier than lean dogs do. Feed to body condition, not to the label’s recommended daily amount.

Protein and overall caloric density matter for working or high-drive dogs. German Shepherds bred for protection work or sport may require substantially more calories than a pet. A sedentary pet German Shepherd may need roughly 1,400 to 1,600 kcal/day, while a working dog may need nearly twice that (NRC 2006, Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats). Caloric needs vary by individual; consult your veterinarian. Most commercial adult maintenance formulations assume the pet scenario. If your German Shepherd has a job, match the food’s caloric density to the work level.

Taurine supplementation is a minor consideration given the DM carrier frequency. A separate genetic form of DCM, caused by a variant in RBM20, shows 0.26% carrier frequency in the Donner cohort (n=15,648), roughly 100 times lower than DM. This is distinct from diet-associated taurine-deficiency DCM. An adult formulation from a manufacturer that runs feeding trials is sufficient. No special cardiac prevention strategy is needed unless your dog has a murmur on exam.

What we don’t know

The penetrance mechanism in degenerative myelopathy is incompletely understood. We do not know which of the 20.4% carrier German Shepherds will become symptomatic and which will die of unrelated causes with a normal spine. The genetic variant is necessary but not sufficient for disease; the incomplete penetrance suggests modifying factors, possibly age, possibly other genetic loci, possibly environmental, that we have not yet mapped.

Hip dysplasia heritability in German Shepherds is documented (OFA breed statistics, ofa.org/diseases/hip-dysplasia/statistics/, accessed 2024: 19.4% prevalence across 121,435 evaluations), but the specific genetic architecture is unsettled. Multiple loci contribute. Feeding protocol helps but does not eliminate risk. The honest summary is that a genetically predisposed German Shepherd can develop dysplasia on an optimal diet, and a dog with genetic risk factors may not if reared carefully, which tells us the full picture is not yet in hand.

Frequently asked questions about German Shepherds

What is the most common genetic disease in German Shepherds? Degenerative myelopathy (DM). 20.4% of German Shepherds carry the variant (Donner 2023, n=15,645). Not all carriers become symptomatic, but it is the highest-frequency serious genetic condition in the breed.

How long do German Shepherds live? The atlas median is 11.3 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass) (381 dogs in the breed database). The breed-club estimate is higher. Variation is substantial; some German Shepherds live into their early teens, others die younger from cancer, bloat, or orthopedic failure.

Are German Shepherds prone to hip dysplasia? Yes. The OFA reports 19.4% hip dysplasia prevalence across 121,435 German Shepherd evaluations (OFA breed statistics, ofa.org/diseases/hip-dysplasia/statistics/, accessed 2024). Large-breed puppies should be raised on controlled-calcium diets, and weight management throughout life is critical.

Should I do a DNA test on my German Shepherd? For breeding stock, yes. Test for DM (degenerative myelopathy), which affects one in five German Shepherds. For pet owners, DM testing helps with planning; an affected dog may live normally but needs monitoring and advance conversation with your vet about management if symptoms emerge.

What should I do if my German Shepherd tests positive for DM? A positive test means the dog carries two copies of the variant. Not all will show clinical signs. Work with your vet to establish a baseline neurological exam, discuss the signs of early myelopathy (hind-limb weakness, loss of coordination), and plan for potential future management if symptoms appear.

Are German Shepherds good with kids? German Shepherds are high-intelligence working dogs. Their suitability for families depends on socialization, training, and the individual dog’s temperament. Proper introduction and supervision with children is essential, as it is with any large dog.

What is the best diet for a German Shepherd? Match caloric density to activity level. A pet German Shepherd in light exercise may need roughly 1,400 to 1,600 kcal/day; a working or sport dog may need substantially more (NRC 2006, Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats). Use a large-breed puppy formula with controlled calcium (1.1:1 to 2:1 calcium-to-phosphorus ratio) during growth. Maintain lean body condition throughout life.

Can German Shepherds eat grain-free diets? There is no breed-specific contraindication. The FDA’s 2018 and 2022 advisories on grain-free diets flagged dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) risk in some breeds, but German Shepherds were not prominently represented. That said, a grain-inclusive diet from a manufacturer with feeding trials is a safe default for any dog unless a specific veterinary condition requires otherwise.

Temperament

What German Shepherds tend toward

Tendencies from owner surveys of purebred German Shepherds — a leaning across the breed, not a prediction for any one dog. A bar’s strength shows how much of that behavior breed actually explains: for most it’s faint, because the rest is your dog, their training, and the life you give them.

Toy-directed Motor Patternsbreed ~18%
toy-directednot toy-directed
Biddabilitybreed ~18%
biddableindependent
Proximity Seekingbreed ~13%
affectionatealoof
Environmental Engagementbreed ~9%
high engagementlow engagement
Dog Sociabilitybreed ~8%
less sociablehighly sociable
Agonistic Thresholdbreed ~9%
assertivediffident
Arousal Levelbreed ~8%
arousedcomposed
Human Sociabilitybreed ~11%
less sociablehighly sociable
n = 131 dogs · Morrill et al. 2022, Science, Darwin's Ark (CC0)
Owner-reported purebreds; each factor n ≥ 25. "Breed ~%" is the share of this behavior explained by breed.
Names & origins

Other names

The German Shepherd is also recorded as Alsatian, Berger Allemand, Deutscher Schaferhund, DSH, GSD, and Schaferhund.

Identified as German Shepherd (VBO:0200577) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 166 · iDog 110 · VeNom 14796.

For researchers Population genetics, disease models and every recorded condition Open the research detail for the German Shepherd
What the atlas says about German Shepherd

In the atlas, the German Shepherd clusters consistently as German Shepherd (100% of the 381 dogs here).

Ranks 20 of 107 on the bottleneck severity scale, well into the upper quartile of population contraction. High breed predictability score (1.33), individual dogs of this breed reliably cluster together genetically.

Median lifespan is 10.0 years, about 1.6 years shorter than a typical dog of 31.0 kg, one of the larger gaps in the atlas.

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the atlas genotypes say about German Shepherd

Computed from the 14,478 CanVAS dogs in the Atlas, on an imputed genotype backbone: 77,215 directly typed sites per dog, imputed to 9.67 million variants.

The confidence below counts dogs, not reads: it is the size of the sample, and it is separate from how the genotypes were measured.

Dogs in the Atlas
381Founders
150 from Shannon, 134 from Hayward2016, 65 from Momozawa
Genetic diversity
0.27Tight
Mean heterozygosity across the breed. 20th tightest of 107 ranked populations.
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure
Splits into two genetic sub-populations
Intra-breed RMS distance: 27.22 · likely working/show-line, regional, or kennel lineage split.
What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
Gave rise to
In the Herding group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
11.3years (life expectancy)
95% CI 11.3–11.4 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=19,908. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

n = 381 dogs · high sample · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
Comparative oncology

German Shepherds are a natural model for human cancer.

Some cancers appear in German Shepherds and in people driven by the same somatically-altered genes, cohort by cohort and cited on both sides. That makes this breed part of how we understand, and one day treat, the human disease. This is not a prediction about your dog, it is a window into the biology we share.

The dog and human osteosarcoma model →
A gift to human medicine

German Shepherds are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in German Shepherds help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity. The named gene is the canine locus, not a claim that a pet has the human disease.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the German Shepherd

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 46 genetic conditions in the German Shepherd, 35 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all German Shepherds ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Plus 28 more conditions recorded in the German Shepherd in OMIA.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Carrier frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Carrier frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references live on the gene and disease pages this page links to, rather than being repeated here. What is still absent from this breed page is anything not in the cited panel, and each such gap carries its cause where it appears.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.1 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

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References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage DM (2026). CanVAS: A Harmonized and Imputed Canine Variant Atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA