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Australian Cattle Dog

Lifespan
14 years
95% CI 13.2 to 15.1 · McMillan 2024, n=117
Most carried variant
Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration
31% of 980 tested · Donner 2023
Behind this page
141 dogs
in the atlas · 982 tested for variants
Also carried:Primary Lens Luxation · 7.5%Degenerative Myelopathy · 5.1%

Australian Cattle Dogs have a cited life expectancy of 14 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass, n=117, 95% CI 13.2 to 15.1). The most carried tested variant is Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration, in 31% of 980 Australian Cattle Dogs tested (Donner 2023), then Primary Lens Luxation (7.5%) and Degenerative Myelopathy (5.1%).

Australian Cattle Dog
Photo: Zingpix · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia

Also known as ACD, Blue Heeler, Cattle Dog, and Queensland Heeler.

See in the atlas → From CanVAS
Mendelian-disease genetics

What genetic diseases do Australian Cattle Dogs carry?

From a panel of 250 Mendelian-disease variants screened in 1,054,293 dogs (Donner et al. 2023), Australian Cattle Dogs carry 22 of them at observable frequency. Carrier frequency is not clinical risk. Most recessive variants require two copies for disease expression; many dominant variants show incomplete penetrance. Read this as a population fingerprint of what's in the gene pool, not a per-dog prediction.

Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (prcd-PRA)
Autosomal recessive
high 30.7%
n = 980 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001298-9615 · omia.org →
PRCDwhat this gene does

PRCD is a gene involved in the health of a dog's retina, the part of the eye that detects light and helps with vision.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry PRCD changes, it's worth discussing eye health and potential genetic testing with your vet.

Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism (Discovered in Poodles)
Autosomal dominant
moderate 2.6%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000247-9615 · omia.org →
Cystinuria Type II-A (Discovered in the Australian Cattle Dog)
Autosomal dominant
moderate 2.3%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001879-9615 · omia.org →
SLC3A1what this gene does

SLC3A1 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a key role in preventing the buildup of cystine, which can form stones.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry SLC3A1 variants, it’s worth discussing cystinuria risks with your vet, especially if urinary issues arise.

Primary Lens Luxation (PLL)
Autosomal recessive
Pathogenic low 7.5%
n = 982 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000588-9615 · omia.org →
ADAMTS17what this gene does

ADAMTS17 is a gene that influences body size and also plays a role in certain eye conditions. It affects the structure of tissues in the eye and elsewhere in the body.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry ADAMTS17 variants, it’s worth discussing genetic testing and eye exams with your vet to stay ahead of potential issues.

Full ADAMTS17 gene page →
Dilated Cardiomyopathy risk factor (Discovered in the Doberman Pinscher; PDK4-related)
Autosomal dominant (Incomplete penetrance)
marker disputed 5.1%
n = 982 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:000162-9615 · omia.org →
PDK4what this gene does

PDK4 helps regulate how cells use energy, especially in the heart muscle.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene, it’s worth discussing heart health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog will develop disease.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low 5.1%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000263-9615 · omia.org →
SOD1what this gene does

SOD1 is a gene that helps protect cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

For your dog: If your dog is a carrier of SOD1 variants, it's worth discussing with your vet, but remember carrier status doesn't mean your dog will get the disease.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5 (Discovered in the Border Collie; NCL5)
Autosomal recessive
low 1.5%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001482-9615 · omia.org →
Cystinuria Type I-A (SLC3A1 p.I192V)
Autosomal recessive
low 1.3%
n = 982 dogs · 3 variants tested · OMIA:000256-9615 · omia.org →
SLC3A1what this gene does

SLC3A1 is a gene that helps transport certain amino acids in the kidneys. It plays a key role in preventing the buildup of cystine, which can form stones.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry SLC3A1 variants, it’s worth discussing cystinuria risks with your vet, especially if urinary issues arise.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 12 (Discovered in the Australian Cattle Dog)
Autosomal recessive
Pathogenic low 1.2%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001552-9615 · omia.org →
Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.56%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000218-9615 · omia.org →
NHEJ1what this gene does

NHEJ1 is a gene involved in repairing breaks in DNA, helping maintain the integrity of genetic information in cells.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it's worth discussing testing with your vet to understand any potential eye health risks.

Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease Risk (CDDY)
Autosomal dominant
low 0.31%
n = 972 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:000157-9615 · omia.org →
FGF4what this gene does

FGF4 influences leg length by affecting bone growth, leading to shorter legs in certain breeds.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry this gene, it's worth discussing spinal health with your vet, but being a carrier doesn’t guarantee problems.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (cord1-PRA/crd4)
Autosomal recessive (Incomplete penetrance)
low 0.31%
n = 979 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001432-9615 · omia.org →
RPGRIP1what this gene does

RPGRIP1 is a gene involved in the function of photoreceptor cells in the eye, which help dogs see in different light conditions.

For your dog: If your dog belongs to a breed known to carry RPGRIP1 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand the risks and monitor eye health.

MDR1 (Multidrug Resistance 1) Medication Sensitivity
Autosomal dominant
low 0.25%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001402-9615 · omia.org →
ABCB1what this gene does

ABCB1 is a gene that helps control how certain drugs are processed and cleared from a dog's body.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed that carries this gene variant, ask your vet about medication sensitivities before giving any new drugs.

Hyperuricosuria (HUU)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.15%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001033-9615 · omia.org →
SLC2A9what this gene does

SLC2A9 is a gene that helps regulate uric acid levels in a dog's body. It plays a role in how the kidneys handle this substance.

For your dog: If your dog is one of the breeds known to carry this gene variant, it’s worth discussing with your vet to understand any potential urinary health concerns.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (Discovered in the Swedish Vallhund; MERTK-related)
Autosomal recessive
low 0.10%
n = 980 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001932-9615 · omia.org →
Canine Scott Syndrome (CSS)
Autosomal recessive
Pathogenic low <0.1%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001353-9615 · omia.org →
ANO6what this gene does

ANO6 is a gene that helps regulate how blood cells expose certain signals on their surface, which is important for normal blood clotting.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry ANO6 mutations, it’s worth discussing with your vet before any procedures to ensure bleeding risks are managed.

Early-Onset Progressive Polyneuropathy (Discovered in the Greyhound)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 982 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:002120-9615 · omia.org →
NDRG1what this gene does

NDRG1 is a gene involved in nerve cell function and maintenance, helping keep the nervous system working properly.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed known to carry NDRG1 variants, it’s worth discussing with your vet, especially if you notice any mobility issues.

Hereditary Nasal Parakeratosis (Discovered in the Labrador Retriever; HNPK)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 982 dogs · 2 variants tested · OMIA:001373-9615 · omia.org →
Hypocatalasia
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 982 dogs · 1 variant tested · OMIA:001138-9615 · omia.org →
CATwhat this gene does

CAT is a gene that helps produce an enzyme called catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide in the body to prevent cell damage.

For your dog: If your dog is from a breed that can carry this gene, it’s worth asking your vet about testing. Being a carrier doesn’t mean your dog is affected, but it can inform health decisions.

Intestinal Cobalamin Malabsorption (Discovered in the Border Collie; CUBN-related)
Autosomal recessive
low <0.1%
n = 982 dogs · 3 variants tested · OMIA:001786-9615 · omia.org →
CUBNwhat this gene does

The CUBN gene helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the intestines, which is essential for energy and nerve function.

For your dog: If your dog’s breed is on the list, it’s worth discussing CUBN-related risks with your vet to keep an eye on their vitamin B12 levels.

Show the other 2, ordered after these by severity, then carrier frequency.
Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Myokymia and/or Seizures (KCNJ10-related; SCA) <0.1% n = 982
Von Willebrand's Disease, Type 1 (vWD 1) <0.1% n = 982
Source: Donner J et al. 2023. Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651 · Evidence: Limited (DTC ascertainment, tag-SNP proxy) · Confounding MEDIUM · License CC-BY-4.0 · Phene IDs from OMIA (Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).
Sample size in this breed: 982 dogs from the Donner 2023 cohort.
In plain terms

What these results mean for a Australian Cattle Dog

Dilated cardiomyopathy marker (PDK4-related, first reported in Dobermans)

Marker disputed

5.1% of Australian Cattle Dogs in the Donner 2023 cohort carried it (n=982).

  • This is a marker, not an established cause. The curated record says a test based on it is not a good indicator of heart disease risk even in Dobermans, the breed it was found in.
    OMIA 000162-9615

    “it is evident that any DNA test based on this marker will not be a good indicator of liability to this disorder in Dobermans” OMIA 000162-9615

What to do
A carrier result for this marker is not, on its own, a reason for heart screening. Heart screening is a conversation with your veterinarian about the breed and the dog.

No test, or a mix
What this marker means in breeds other than the Doberman is not established in the sources this page draws on.

Degenerative myelopathy (DM)

5.1% of Australian Cattle Dogs in the Donner 2023 cohort carried it (n=982).

  • DM is a loss of function in the spinal cord that begins in adulthood and progresses to paralysis of the back legs. There is no treatment that stops it.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “This is an adult onset degeneration of the spinal cord that progresses to paraplegia and tetraparesis. There is no successful treatment. A genetic test is available.” OMIA 000263-9615

  • Two copies of the SOD1 variant mean at risk, not affected. Some dogs with two copies never show signs.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “some homozygous mutant dogs had no signs of degenerative myelopathy, which suggests incomplete penetrance or other causative loci” OMIA 000263-9615

  • One copy makes a dog a carrier. In the study that found the variant, every affected dog tested had two copies.
    OMIA 000263-9615

    “All affected dogs tested were homozygous mutant.” OMIA 000263-9615

What to do
A DNA result is not a diagnosis. Take the result, and any change in how the dog walks, to a veterinarian.

No test, or a mix
Without a test nobody can say how many copies a dog has. A breed's carrier frequency describes the breed, not this dog.

Cystinuria type I-A (SLC3A1)

1.3% of Australian Cattle Dogs in the Donner 2023 cohort carried it (n=982).

  • The kidneys fail to reclaim an amino acid called cystine, which can form crystals and stones in the urine and block the urinary tract.
    OMIA 000256-9615

    “Cystinuria, type 1 - A is an inherited defect that causes failure of reabsorption of cystine in the proximal renal tubule, leading to cystine precipitation in the urine. Formation of crystals and calculi lead to urolithiasis and urinary tract obstruction.” OMIA 000256-9615

What to do
Straining to urinate, or passing little or no urine, needs a veterinarian the same day.

No test, or a mix
Without a test nobody can say how many copies a dog has.

Which Mendelian variants matter most for Australian Cattle Dogs?

The Mendelian-disease table above lists variants screened in 982 Australian Cattle Dogs (Donner 2023). Six matter most by carrier frequency and impact.

Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (PRCD)

Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration in Australian Cattle Dogs is an autosomal-recessive retinal degeneration caused by a variant in the PRCD gene. Affected dogs lose night vision first, then day vision, and are blind by middle age. 30.7% of Australian Cattle Dogs in the Donner cohort carry the variant (n=980). One in three. It is the most common Mendelian variant in the breed.

Testing is widely available. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals and most commercial DNA labs cover PRCD. Breeders can use carrier status to avoid carrier-by-carrier pairings.

Cystinuria Type II-A

Cystinuria Type II-A in Australian Cattle Dogs is an autosomal-dominant condition discovered in this breed. The condition causes excess urinary cystine excretion and predisposes to bladder and kidney stones. 2.3% of Australian Cattle Dogs in the Donner cohort carry the variant (n=982).

Not every dog with the variant forms stones. Donner S4 phenotype-confirmed 2 of 3 at-risk dogs, too few to state a penetrance figure. Affected dogs are managed with dietary intervention (low-protein, alkalinizing formulations) and monitoring. Testing is available.

Primary Lens Luxation (PLL)

Primary Lens Luxation in Australian Cattle Dogs is an autosomal-recessive eye condition caused by a variant in the ADAMTS17 gene, causing the lens to dislocate from its zonular support. Affected dogs lose vision in the affected eye and face painful glaucoma if untreated. 7.5% of Australian Cattle Dogs carry the variant (n=982).

Testing is widely available. The OFA and commercial labs cover PLL screening. Early detection allows surgical intervention to prevent blindness.

What should I feed an Australian Cattle Dog?

Australian Cattle Dogs are working herding dogs with metabolisms tuned for full-day stockwork. A pet Australian Cattle Dog eating a maintenance kibble in a suburban yard is being fed for a job they aren’t doing. Feeding well means matching caloric density and nutrient timing to the dog’s actual activity level, then protecting against the breed’s known cardiac and urinary vulnerabilities.

Joint and bone health in an active breed means calcium-phosphorus discipline. Australian Cattle Dogs were bred for agility in rough terrain and their metabolism expects sustained activity. The NRC 2006 nutrient requirements set the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio target at 1.1:1 to 2:1 for adult dogs. For a working or active pet, aim for the middle of that range (1.4:1 to 1.6:1) to support both bone density and muscle recovery. Phosphorus deficiency is rare; excess calcium is the common mistake in home-prepared diets for active dogs.

Cystinuria Type II-A and Type I-A prevalence (2.3% and 1.3% carriers, respectively) makes urinary pH management relevant. While only 2.3% carry the Type II-A variant (Donner 2023, n=982), when present it becomes the feeding priority. The condition responds to alkalinizing diets that are lower in methionine and total protein, which reduces urinary cystine load. Commercial stone-prevention diets exist and are worth discussing with your vet if cystinuria is detected. For unaffected dogs, moderate protein (20% to 25% crude protein in adult maintenance) supports muscle without driving excessive urinary amino acid load.

Activity-matched feeding prevents weight creep. Australian Cattle Dogs are lean, muscular dogs, and no breed-specific obesity variant has been identified in the Donner 2023 cohort, but suburban underactivity can create mismatch between food intake and expenditure. A working Australian Cattle Dog needs higher caloric density and strategic meal timing around work. A pet Australian Cattle Dog needs smaller portions and consistent activity structure to justify premium kibble. Cited life expectancy is 14 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass); that longevity stretches longest when adult weight remains stable through middle age.

What we don’t know

The honest summary is that published environmental analyses for Australian Cattle Dog-specific health outcomes have been sparse. We lack breed-club health surveys with detailed prevalence data for conditions like PLL or DM. The Donner 2023 carrier frequencies are solid, but the actual clinical incidence of affected dogs (dogs with two copies and a positive phenotype) remains uncertain for most conditions in this breed.

Cystinuria Type II-A was discovered in Australian Cattle Dogs, yet real-world management data in the breed is limited. Feeding responses and stone-recurrence rates in treated Australian Cattle Dogs have not been systematically documented. Veterinary nephrologists have case experience; the breed-specific guidance remains empirical rather than evidenced.

Frequently asked questions about Australian Cattle Dogs

What is the most common genetic disease in Australian Cattle Dogs? Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (PRCD), a retinal disorder. 30.7% of Australian Cattle Dogs carry the variant (Donner 2023, n=980), making it the most frequent Mendelian condition in the breed. Affected dogs lose vision by middle age.

How long do Australian Cattle Dogs live? Cited life expectancy is 14 years (McMillan 2024 / VetCompass, n=117, 95% CI 13.2 to 15.1). The breed’s genetic diversity rank is 49 of 107 breeds in the atlas (lower numbers indicate tighter bottlenecks).

Are Australian Cattle Dogs prone to hip dysplasia? Hip dysplasia prevalence data specific to the breed is not yet published in the Donner cohort or OFA database at sufficient sample size. The breed’s moderate genetic diversity and working-dog morphology suggest lower risk than giant or heavily selected breeds, but individual screening remains prudent before breeding.

Can Australian Cattle Dogs go blind from PRCD? Yes. Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration is a retinal condition that causes night blindness first, then progressive day blindness. Affected dogs are typically blind by middle age. Testing before breeding prevents affected litters.

Are Australian Cattle Dogs good with kids? Australian Cattle Dogs are energetic and breed-true to herding instinct, which means they may nip at moving targets, including children. Early socialization and consistent structure are essential. The breed thrives in active households and is not a good fit for families seeking a low-energy companion.

Names & origins

Other names

The Australian Cattle Dog is also recorded as ACD, Blue Heeler, Cattle Dog, Queensland Heeler, and Red Heeler.

Identified as Australian Cattle Dog (VBO:0200088) in the Vertebrate Breed Ontology (Mullen et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0) · registry IDs FCI 287 · iDog 15 · VeNom 13833.

For researchers Population genetics, disease models and every recorded condition Open the research detail for the Australian Cattle Dog
What the atlas says about Australian Cattle Dog

In the atlas, the Australian Cattle Dog clusters consistently as Australian Cattle Dog (100% of the 141 dogs here).

Median lifespan is 14.0 years, slightly longer than expected for the breed size (9.88 kg).

Genetic dimensions · CanVAS atlas

What the atlas genotypes say about Australian Cattle Dog

Computed from the 14,478 CanVAS dogs in the Atlas, on an imputed genotype backbone: 77,215 directly typed sites per dog, imputed to 9.67 million variants.

The confidence below counts dogs, not reads: it is the size of the sample, and it is separate from how the genotypes were measured.

Dogs in the Atlas
141Founders
120 from HaywardDeaf, 10 from Spatola, 9 from Hayward2016
Genetic diversity
0.31Moderate
Mean heterozygosity across the breed. 59th most diverse of 107 ranked populations.
What does genetic diversity mean?

How varied a breed's gene pool is — the share of gene spots where a typical dog of the breed carries two different versions rather than two identical ones.

How to read it: Higher = more diverse. Among well-sampled breeds it ranges roughly 0.22 (least diverse) to 0.33 (most diverse).

Diversity is a strength, not a verdict on any individual dog. Lower diversity means it's worth paying attention to recessive-risk testing — not that a dog is doomed.

Cluster structure
Splits into two genetic sub-populations
Intra-breed RMS distance: 35.87 · likely working/show-line, regional, or kennel lineage split.
What does within-breed variation mean?

How much individual dogs within the breed differ from each other genetically.

How to read it: Higher = more internal variety among individuals of the breed.

Sensitive to how many dogs of the breed we've sampled.

Related breeds
Built from
Close cousins
In the Herding group
Explore the full lineage map →
VBO foundation stock (breeding records) · AKC breed group
Relatedness is documented lineage + kennel family. Genetic-ancestry distance measures diversity, not kinship, so it isn't used here.
How long they live
14years (life expectancy)
95% CI 13.2–15.1 · VetCompass, McMillan 2024, n=117. source
What does typical lifespan mean?

The median age dogs of the breed tend to reach.

How to read it: Higher = longer-lived. Compare to longevity-for-size to see whether it's just a size effect.

Drawn from population lifespan records; individual dogs vary widely with care, genetics, and luck.

n = 141 dogs · high sample · CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Sniff Atlas
A gift to human medicine

Australian Cattle Dogs are a natural model for human disease

Because the same genes cause the same conditions across species, the inherited conditions documented in Australian Cattle Dogs help researchers understand, and work toward treating, the human diseases they model. This is the dog advancing human medicine. The breed models the human disease; it does not have it, and this is not a prediction for your dog.

Human equivalents via OMIA → Mondo / OMIM. Model-of, not identity. The named gene is the canine locus, not a claim that a pet has the human disease.
Documented in OMIA

Every condition recorded in the Australian Cattle Dog

Beyond the testable carriers above, OMIA's literature catalogue records 13 genetic conditions in the Australian Cattle Dog, 9 of which have a known human equivalent. This is the documented landscape across all Australian Cattle Dogs ever studied, not a prediction for any one dog.

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA); Nicholas, Tammen & Sydney Informatics Hub, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70
Documented in the breed's literature is not carrier status and not a forecast for an individual dog. Human equivalents are mapped via Mondo/OMIM. Carrier frequencies (above) are the separately-measured testable subset (Donner 2023).
The data behind this page

Where every number on this page came from.

This page draws on three primary data sources. Carrier frequencies for the Mendelian section come from Donner et al. 2023 (CC-BY-4.0). We grade these data at evidence Limited because the cohort is a direct-to-consumer ascertainment, which biases toward owners who chose to test their dogs. The panel also uses tag-SNP proxies for some variants rather than direct causal-variant assays. Limited is a study-design grade, not a quality grade: the Donner cohort is the largest open canine-genotype dataset in existence and we are grateful for it. We rate the confounding MEDIUM.

Population-genetic dimensions (heterozygosity, intra-breed PCA distance, nearest neighbors, trait-locus frequencies) come from CanVAS (Brundage 2026), harmonized through the Sniff Atlas. The exact release date and verification commit are pinned at the bottom of the page so a researcher can trace a number back to a specific snapshot. The disease-gene-variant graph comes from OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals; Nicholas, Tammen, and the Sydney Informatics Hub at the Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney; retrieved April 2026, DOI 10.25910/2AMR-PV70).

What this page does not yet have. Inheritance modes and per-disease penetrance evidence from Donner 2023 are in the structured data for every variant the panel covers. Mondo, OMIM, Ensembl, and HGNC cross-references live on the gene and disease pages this page links to, rather than being repeated here. What is still absent from this breed page is anything not in the cited panel, and each such gap carries its cause where it appears.

How to cite this page. The computed dimensions on this page are derived from the open Sniff Atlas v1.0.1 (Gehring 2026, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20566358, CC-BY 4.0). Full citation formats including BibTeX, RIS, and CITATION.cff at sniff.world/cite.

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References
  1. Donner J, Freyer J, Davison S, Anderson H, Blades M, Honkanen L, et al. (2023). Genetic prevalence and clinical relevance of canine Mendelian disease variants in over one million dogs. PLOS Genetics 19(2):e1010651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010651
  2. Brundage DM (2026). CanVAS: A Harmonized and Imputed Canine Variant Atlas. bioRxiv. doi:10.64898/2026.04.13.718238
  3. Nicholas, F.W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. The University of Sydney. https://omia.org. doi:10.25910/2AMR-PV70 (retrieved April 2026).
Last updated
Sources: CanVAS (Brundage 2026) · Donner 2023 · OMIA